Archive for the 'Biology Eleven' Category

Feb

Protist Notes

Protist:          A new bunch of organisms…

Some questions to ponder:

How do these animal eat?

How do they regulate water balance?

How do they reproduce?

What are some characteristics that can be used for classification?

How are different types of protists both unique and different?

What is the advantages and disadvantages of living in fresh water?

What is the difference between a zooplankton and a phytoplankton?

What phylums and kingdom do all these creatures belong to?

What is new! ( Comparing Protists to Bacteria and Virus)

Protists are eukaryotes and so have

distinct nucleus

membrane bound cell organelles

unique flagella

are single celled

have cytoplasmic streaming

Protist can live in a variety of environments, but are now larger so they need to regulate water balance and store and/or make food.

Protist are more diverse in how they move, using flagellums, pseudopods and cilia and intermediate hosts.

Some protists can change their body shape or cell membrane during their life cycle.

Some protists can reproduce using sexual reproduction.

Some protist, are parasitic they are called protozoans and cause diseases.

Some protist have a silicone membranes and can glow in the dark!

Tiny protists are the major food choice of some of the worlds largest animals.

General Protist Notes:

Where are they may found?…

Usually single cell creatures found in pond water

Over 50,000 living species

other locations and points of interest include:

used as a means to clean sewage

found in intestines of termites for digestion of cellulose

may be an infectious diseases such as

plasmodium…          which is malaria

trympanosoma….    which is called sleeping sickness

protist move in response to several stimuli. This movement is called Protist can respond both to light and chemical stimuli, positive phototropism allows organisms to be attracted to light. Negative tropism allows organisms to avoid harmful stimuli such as predators, low oxygen, lower temperatures and other possible harmful chemical or physical stimuli. This response ( to move away from a stimuli) is called an avoidance response.

On a historic note:

By jove! Forminifera (type of diatom) has hard shell which are used for dating early forms of life. Protozoans also show shell like deposits, an example is the White Cliffs of Dover in England.

Form and Function:

protists are Eukaryotes so…

usually unicellular, so no tissues yet….

have a nucleus with a membrane

can be motile

can be (animal like) heterotrophic or ( plant like) autotrophic

have complex arrary cell organelles

Classification:

Note: All protist belong to Kingdom Protista, which has four phylums.

Mostly Autotrophs called Phytoplankton

Phylum Euglenophyta                         example        Euglena

autotrophic, chlorphyll

no cell wall

move about with flagella

found in fresh water and soil

attracted to light ( positive phototropic)

Phylum Chrysophyta: example        Diatoms

autotrophic, chlorophyll and yellow pigment ( golden algae)

silica shell in cell wall form symetric shapes

found in oceans

positive phototropism

silicas used in commercial product such as pool filters, silver polish and            toothpaste

Phylum Pyrrophyta: example        Dinoflagellates

autotrophic, chlorophyll, have red pigment which makes “red tide”

heavy rigid cell wall

two (dino) flagella

found in oceans

some species glow in dark ( bioluminescence: phenomenon of living      things giving off light, have protein which converts chemical energy to         ight energy.

Mostly Heterotrophs called Zooplankton:

Phylum Protozoa ( classified by how they move)

usually heterotrophic

no cell walls, usually moveable cell membrane

can move about or live as parasite

Protozoan classification

class Sarcodinia    Amoeba

class Flagellata       trympanosoma and in termites

class Ciliophora      Paramecium

class Sporozoa       parasitic

Types of Locomotion:

flagella                                   found in Euglena

pseudo pod                          found in Amoeba

(cytoplasmic streaming)

            cilia                                         found in Paramecium

A quick comparison of three protist: ( note highlighted vocabulary)

Euglena:

for movement it uses a flagellum, which makes the Euglena                                                                         very fast.

for storing genetic material it has a nucleus and a nucleolus

which regulates protein sythesis and cell                                                                      control, it is asexual in reproductive behaviour

for energy Euglena are autotrophs and have a chlorplast,                                                                        with chlorophyll which allows for                                                                          photosythesis

for storing energy pyrenoids and parmylum store starch which                                                               is a product of photosythesis

for protection and water it has a pellicle which maintains shape and

balance                                            allows for diffusion across cell membrane.

Response to stimuli Euglena are attracted to light, this is call                                                                        phototropism

Amoeba

for locomotions it has extensions of cytoplasm which are                                                                      called pseudopod ( false foot), so an                                                                                   amoeba will move very slow. Ectoplasm ( layer                                                      closest to cell membrane) is water like next to                                                                        internal gel like endoplasm

for genetic material it has only one nucleus and is asexual

for energy it has food vacuoles which digest food                                                                          with enzymes and move nutrients to

to balance water it has contractile vacuoles, in a variety                                                              of positions within cytoplasm

.

to maintain shape it has an inner membrane, endoplasm

and an outer membrane, ectoplasm,                                                                             these two layers are needed since it is                                                                          constantly changing shape.

stimuli amoebas are attracted to food and                                                                                 some chemicals but move away from                                                                          harmful chemicals and light. (negative                                                                     tropism)

Paramecium

for locomotion it has cilia surrounding whole body so it                                                                        moves very fast.

for genetic information there is a micronucleus to controls                                                                                sexual reproduction, ( it divides during                                                                              conjugation)and a macronucleus to                                                                         control cell functions.

for feeding it has a “mouth” called an oral groove                                                                           and a mouth pore

for digestion it has a gullet which is like a stomach,                                                                           which forms food vacuoles

for removal of food waste there is an anal pore

for water balance there is a contractile vacuole

for shape there is a distinct cell membrane, a                                                                                rigid pellicle which holds cells shape.

for stimuli there are small “spears” call trichocyst                                                                                    which serve as a form of protection or                                                                               hunting for food.

Ways to compare Zooplankton:

Function or Structure Euglena Amoeba Paramecium

Locomotion

(structure)
Flagellum Pseudopod Cilia

Speed of locomotion Moderately Fast Very Slow Very fast

Nutrition or digestion autotroph

manufactures own food with chlorphyll
heterotroph

engulfs food at any point of cell membrane. Digests via food vacuoles
heterotroph

uses oral groove or gullet to suck in food (cyclosis)

Respiration or gas exchange Diffusion through cell membrane Same Same

Excretion of liquids and water balance Contractile vacuole in definite position contractile vacuole may vary in position two contractile vacuoles in definite position

Excretion of solids Through reservoir Pushed through membrane at any point Has an anal pore

Excretion of gaseous wastes Diffuse through cell membrane or through contractile vacuole if dissolved in fluid same same

Reproduction asexual via binnary fission asexual by binnary fission

may form cysts
asexual binary fission

sexual via conjugation

Shape definite shape

Behaviour responds to light, called phototrophic

+ to food and chemicals

– to light
+ to food and chemicals

– to trichocysts

The Amoeba

has

a nucleus

granular cytoplasm

vacuoles

semi-permeable membrane

engulfs food by using pseudopod

Other species

Forminifera

Radiolaria

Bacillaria

The Paramecium

member of class called the ciliates

has

cilia for locomotion

feeds through funnel like gullet

has 2 nuclei, reproduction through binary fission

for every single cell, 8 new ones are created

contractile vacuole controls water balance

sexual reproduction by conjugation

Protist are:

single cell

complex

can be in colonies ( example: Volvox..has up to 5000 cells in it

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven Notes,Protist and have No Comments

Jan

Bio 11 (16-17) L 31 Jan 17

Bio 11(16-17) L 31 Date Jan 17, 2017

Last lessons Objective

Inoculating plates for bacteria

Protist

Eval

Today’s Objectives

1. Bacteria vocab

2. The “scoop on poop”

3. Protist review questions and pesky protist

Topic

Number One

Step one

Complete table on vocab review sheet.

Check all definitions to see that they match.

Create a cue card with 30 words written in pencil

Step two

Using your cue card, match words with definitions.

Topic

Number Two

On page 223, the text states that sewage is a new frontier for research and bacteria. Please read the text to explore the initial problem the research is attempting to solve.

Find the following link

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23130840-100-bacteria-made-to-turn-sewage-into-clean-water-and-electricity/

Define:

a) What is the primary problem(s) with sewage?

b) Using journalistic skills, find who, what, where, when,how and why information in this article.

Research back story.

From the same resource, find two previous articles that provide more information regarding step b above.

On one piece of paper, single side, provide outline of

a) The problem of sewage

b) Research linked to how to solve the problem

c) Solutions that should be pursued and why.

d) A catching slogan to draw attention to the problem.

This piece of paper should be in the format of a piece of paper that some would post on a bulletin board.

Topic

Number Three

Protists!

On the second sheet handed out in class, see specific review sheet for Protist quiz

See sign up of Pesky Protist Project

Entamoeba hystolytica

 Giardia lamblia

 Leishmania donovani

 Balantidium coli

 Trichomonas

 Pneumocystis carinii

 Plasmodium

 Trypanosoma cruzi

 Trypanosoma brucei

 Toxoplasmosis gondii

Text book Reference

Chapter Eight: Bacteria

True Bacteria Notes on Blog

You tube Reference

Take Home Message

Evaluations next week (2) on Wed and Friday. Content will be review of virus, immune system and monera. One index card word bank allowed.

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline and have No Comments

Jan

Name: __________________ Date:

In this exercise we will explore the Internet to learn about Protists, but first we need to understand where the Protists fit in the classification system.

Easier said than done!

We have a problem in taxonomy today; the classification of biological organisms is anything but cut-and-dried (or carved in stone)! A certain amount of chaos now reigns and will continue to reign until the next great synthesis occurs among biologists. This means that you can expect a certain amount of disagreement between what textbooks and the various sites on the web will tell you about classification.

Right now you are familiar with two current models of classification:

A living thing is either a Prokaryote or Eukaryote.
A living thing is in one of the following kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae or Animalia.

We tend to overlay the two as follows:

Prokaryote = Monera

Eukaryote = Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae.

But biologists have many other schemes in the works. One new classification scheme classifies all living things into three “Domains”.

What are the names of the three domains?

Why are the prokaryotes divided into two different domains in this classification model?

How are the Archaea different from the Bacteria?

Which domain are the Protista in?

Some biologists have married the three domain system and the five kingdom system and come up with a six kingdom system (shown below). Note: Archaeabacteria is the old name for Archaea.

Image from W.H. Freeman and Sinauer Associates, used by permission

Within this system, the Protists are the most difficult kingdom to classify!

It is certain that Protists belong in the domain Eukarya, but what characterizes Protists? The Kingdom Protista has become a “dumping ground” for organisms that don’t fit into the other three kingdoms. They are always eukaryotes, but after that just about anything goes. Protist classification is still in such flux that many of the group names are just not worth learning. In fact, some biologists predict that it is likely the Protista will be divided into 10-12 kingdoms in the coming years!

What are the general characteristics of Protista?

Even though opinions vary widely, the kingdom Protista is understood to consist of three general groups. Use your textbook (pg. 401–409) and the web sites below to create a concept map overview of the Protist kingdom. The following terms should be included in your concept map:

http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/protista/prot.htm

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm

Diatoms
Ciliates
Slime Molds
Plant-Like Protists – Algae
Rhizopods
Sporozoans
Red Algae
Euglenoids

Golden Algae
Flagellates
Fungus-like Protists
Dinoflagellates
Brown Algae
Animal-like Protists- Protozoans
Green Algae

Concept Map of Protista

Now that you have done the overview, let’s learn a little more about a few interesting Protists. First, a well-known representative of the Plant-like Protists:

Euglenoids

Euglena have flagella and a gullet like an animal cell. (heterotrophic injestion)

Euglena have chloroplasts like a plant cell (autotrophic photosynthesis)

And Euglena have been known to lose their chloroplasts, forcing them to absorb nutrients from their envronment (Heterotrophic absorbtion)

Consequently, Euglenoids arguably can be classified as animal, plant and fungus!

Two reasons the Eugleonoids are considered to be animal-like are:

What are three ways Euglenoids can eat?

How do Euglenoids move? Does their flagella indicate the front end or the back end of a euglena?

Euglena wants to move towards the light for photosynthesis! Q. How does Euglena orient itself so it can move towards the light? Explain in your own words.

Euglenoids keep their shape because of a pellicle. Q. Define pellicle.

Now let’s move on to some animal-like protists; the Protozoa

Ciliates

Ciliates are an example of animal-like Protists. They are covered with up to 17,000 cilia beating from 40 to 60 times a second in a coordinated fashion!

Cilia are used for locomotion. A movie of a moving paramecium!

The following link is a rather large site on Protista.

Scroll down until you find ciliates and answer the following questions:

What is the difference between a macro- and a micro- nucleus?

How do ciliates deal with osmosis and the influx of excess water?

How do ciliates eat and excrete wastes?

What are trichocysts?

Rhizopods

Another Protozoan group we shall examine is called Rhizopoda or Sarcodina.

A typical rhizopod is the ferocious predator Amoeba proteus. The interesting thing about Amoeba is that their cytoplasm can exist in two states: the liquid “sol” endoplasm and the semi-solid “gel” ectoplasm. The two consistencies work together to help the Amoeba move and feed.

So how do they move?

A quick link explaining how they move.

What is a pseudopod?

How does an Amoeba survive harsh environmental conditions?

The Amoeba seems like a harmless little guy, but some species are downright nasty!

What are the symptoms of amoebic dysentery?

Just for fun, check out the Amoeba Dance site.

Sporozoans

Finally, let’s take a look at a not-so-nice group of Protozoans – the Sporozoans. These parasitic organisms cannot move on their own because they do not need to! They are passed from host to host in a constant disease cycle.

Scroll down to the section on Sporozoans. Name two human diseases caused by Sporozoans:

A Sporozoan has a different life cycle from the disease-causing Amoeba you saw earlier. What is the major difference in life cycles?

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Micro Bio and have No Comments

Jan

Bio 11 Protist Notes

Protist: A new bunch of organisms…

Some questions to ponder:

How do these animal eat?
How do they regulate water balance?
How do they reproduce?
What are some characteristics that can be used for classification?
How are different types of protists both unique and different?
What is the advantages and disadvantages of living in fresh water?
What is the difference between a zooplankton and a phytoplankton?
What phylums and kingdom do all these creatures belong to?

What is new! ( Comparing Protists to Bacteria and Virus)

Protists are eukaryotes and so have

distinct nucleus
membrane bound cell organelles
unique flagella
are single celled
have cytoplasmic streaming

Protist can live in a variety of environments, but are now larger so they need to regulate water balance and store and/or make food.

Protist are more diverse in how they move, using flagellums, pseudopods and cilia and intermediate hosts.

Some protists can change their body shape or cell membrane during their life cycle.

Some protists can reproduce using sexual reproduction.

Some protist, are parasitic they are called protozoans and cause diseases.

Some protist have a silicone membranes and can glow in the dark!

Tiny protists are the major food choice of some of the worlds largest animals.

General Protist Notes:

Where are they may found….

Usually single cell creatures found in pond water
Over 50,000 living species
other locations and points of interest include:

used as a means to clean sewage

found in intestines of termites for digestion of cellulose

may be an infectious diseases such as

plasmodium… which is malaria

trympanosoma…. which is called sleeping sickness

protist move in response to several stimuli. This movement is called Protist can respond both to light and chemical stimuli, positive phototropism allows organisms to be attracted to light. Negative tropism allows organisms to avoid harmful stimuli such as predators, low oxygen, lower temperatures and other possible harmful chemical or physical stimuli. This response ( to move away from a stimuli) is called an avoidance response.

On a historic note:

By jove! Forminifera ( type of diatom) has hard shell which are used for dating early forms of life. Protozoans also show shell like deposits, an example is the White Cliffs of Dover in England.

Form and Function:

protists are Eukaryotes so…

usually unicellular, so no tissues yet….
have a nucleus with a membrane
can be motile
can be (animal like) heterotrophic or ( plant like) autotrophic
have complex arrary cell organelles

Classification:

Note: All protist belong to Kingdom Protista, which has four phylums.

Mostly Autotrophs called Phytoplankton

Phylum Euglenophyta example Euglena

autotrophic, chlorphyll
no cell wall
move about with flagella
found in fresh water and soil
attracted to light ( positive phototropic)

Phylum Chrysophyta: example Diatoms

autotrophic, chlorophyll and yellow pigment ( golden algae)
silica shell in cell wall form symetric shapes
found in oceans
positive phototropism
silicas used in commercial product such as pool filters, silver polish and toothpaste

Phylum Pyrrophyta: example Dinoflagellates

autotrophic, chlorophyll, have red pigment which makes “red tide”
heavy rigid cell wall
two (dino) flagella
found in oceans
some species glow in dark ( bioluminescence: phenomenon of living things giving off light, have protein which converts chemical energy to ight energy.

Mostly Heterotrophs called Zooplankton:

Phylum Protozoa ( classified by how they move)

usually heterotrophic
no cell walls, usually moveable cell membrane
can move about or live as parasite

Protozoan classification

class Sarcodinia Amoeba

class Flagellata trympanosoma and in termites

class Ciliophora Paramecium

class Sporozoa parasitic

Types of Locomotion:

flagella found in Euglena

pseudo pod found in Amoeba

(cytoplasmic streaming)

cilia found in Paramecium

A quick comparison of three protist: ( note highlighted vocabulary)

Euglena:

for movement it uses a flagellum, which makes the Euglena very fast.

for storing genetic material it has a nucleus and a nucleolus

which regulates protein sythesis and cell control, it is asexual in reproductive behaviour

for energy Euglena are autotrophs and have a chlorplast, with chlorophyll which allows for photosythesis

for storing energy pyrenoids and parmylum store starch which is a product of photosythesis

for protection and water it has a pellicle which maintains shape and

balance allows for diffusion across cell membrane.

Response to stimuli Euglena are attracted to light, this is call phototropism

Amoeba

for locomotions it has extensions of cytoplasm which are called pseudopod ( false foot), so an amoeba will move very slow. Ectoplasm ( layer closest to cell membrane) is water like next to internal gel like endoplasm

for genetic material it has only one nucleus and is asexual

for energy it has food vacuoles which digest food with enzymes and move nutrients to

to balance water it has contractile vacuoles, in a variety of positions within cytoplasm

to maintain shape it has an inner membrane, endoplasm

and an outer membrane, ectoplasm, these two layers are needed since it is constantly changing shape.

stimuli amoebas are attracted to food and some chemicals but move away from harmful chemicals and light. (negative tropism)

Paramecium

for locomotion it has cilia surrounding whole body so it moves very fast.

for genetic information there is a micronucleus to controls sexual reproduction, ( it divides during conjugation)and a macronucleus to control cell functions.

for feeding it has a “mouth” called an oral groove and a mouth pore

for digestion it has a gullet which is like a stomach, which forms food vacuoles

for removal of food waste there is an anal pore

for water balance there is a contractile vacuole

for shape there is a distinct cell membrane, a rigid pellicle which holds cells shape.

for stimuli there are small “spears” call trichocyst which serve as a form of protection or hunting for food.

Ways to compare Zooplankton:

Function or Structure	Euglena	Amoeba	Paramecium
Locomotion (structure)	Flagellum	Pseudopod	Cilia
Speed of locomotion	Moderately Fast	Very Slow	Very fast
Nutrition or digestion	autotroph manufactures own food with chlorphyll	heterotroph engulfs food at any point of cell membrane. Digests via food vacuoles	heterotroph uses oral groove or gullet to suck in food (cyclosis)
Respiration or gas exchange	Diffusion through cell membrane	Same	Same
Excretion of liquids and water balance	Contractile vacuole in definite position	contractile vacuole may vary in position	two contractile vacuoles in definite position
Excretion of solids	Through reservoir	Pushed through membrane at any point	Has an anal pore
Excretion of gaseous wastes	Diffuse through cell membrane or through contractile vacuole if dissolved in fluid	same	same
Reproduction	asexual via binnary fission	asexual by binnary fission may form cysts	asexual binary fission sexual via conjugation
Shape	definite shape
Behaviour	responds to light, called phototrophic	+ to food and chemicals – to light	+ to food and chemicals – to trichocysts

The Amoeba

has

a nucleus

granular cytoplasm

vacuoles

semi-permeable membrane

engulfs food by using pseudopod

Other species

Forminifera

Radiolaria

Bacillaria

The Paramecium

member of class called the ciliates

has

cilia for locomotion

feeds through funnel like gullet

has 2 nuclei, reproduction through binary fission

for every single cell, 8 new ones are created

contractile vacuole controls water balance

sexual reproduction by conjugation

Protist are:

single cell

complex

can be in colonies ( example: Volvox..has up to 5000 cells in it)

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Micro Bio and have No Comments

Jan

Immune Notes

The Acme “Us and them: Immuno Review”

It is a few days till the exam…you have studied hard. The quiz results are both good and bad…so..it is now the final minutes of the game…you have these options: give up, hope for divine intervention, waste time trying to write answers on a micro chip or apply your wit and will to answer these questions…

Part One:

Components of us

How does our body recognize something, which is foreign?

The primary factor is recognizing some “thing”…be it alive or not..which does not fit the patterns we normally sense. For example..what is some thing new? It is some thing that comes along that we have not seen before. More often than not, the first responses is to go “pleech” or “ I don’t want to learn this” or “ that is gross”. So the human body has both a means to reject or accept all thing foreign. The foreign feature is known as an antigen.

So to review..

What is an antigen and where could they be found?

How is it recognized?

What cells are responsible for

identifying a foreign particle
responding to a foreign particle
labeling a foreign particle
removing a foreign particle
remembering a foreign particle

How would you compare:

An antigen to an antibody

A cell mediated response to a antibody or humoral response

What is the similar and unique cells of both responses?
What does one response make that the other does not?
What cell types would increase with either response?
What are some true and false comparisons regarding T and B cells?

A passive immunity to an active immunity

Which one last for a longer time
What type of immunity do you get when you are born?
Why do antibiotics only provide a temporary solution?

Enter…them

Virus:

A virus is said to be both alive and not alive. They are so small that they cannot be filtered but they do form crystals. They have proteins, which means they must have DNA. This DNA can mutate. Because virus can change what proteins they can make with their DNA, this explains why we have so many types of flus. Yet is a virus alive? Does it produce any metabolic products or grow? What is it that signals the body that something foreign is there?

So…

What surrounds virus genetic material?
Can this structure change and how?
When are virus active and not active and what words are used to describe that?
How are virus classified?
What is the big deal about “interferon”?
How do viruses enter the body?
What is the scoop with retroviruses?

Bacteria

Now bacteria are alive. Put simply they (bacteria) are soup in a bag in a box. Yet we all know there are lots of types of soups. Likewise, though bacteria are a simple life form labeled as “prokaryotes” there are a lot of forms of diversity. From simple pathogens to photosynthetic nitrogen fixers, the Monera are a diverse bunch of critters.

With this in mind..

How many groups can bacteria be classified into?
What are the features…that is structures folks..that all prokaryotes share?
What are structures you would or would not find in Monera?
How do bacteria reproduce…asexually?
What is a form of reproduction that is almost like sexual reproduction?
What is the deal with strept, staph, cocci, baccilli and sphirrilium?
What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative?
How can bacteria survive harsh climates?
Can you thoroughly compare anaerobic to aerobic respiration?
What are the differences between photosynthesis and chemosythesis?
What are the differences between photosynthesis and respiration?
What are plant like features in bacteria?
What are the interactions implied by the words parasitic, saprophytic, symbiotic, pathogenic, and mutalism?
What type of bacteria seeks out light and what is this response called?

Putting it all together….

So a virus or a bacteria enters a body…no it is not a joke..

What cells recognize the intruder?
What cells turn on and off an immune response?
If an intruder start using host fuel, what type of intruder would it be?
What is the big deal about monoclonal antibodies ( source, function..and usage’s)
What are four specific steps of an antibody or humoral response?
What are four specific steps of a cell mediated response and how could you evaluate or see these steps occurring with cell populations or biochemicals
What is the difference between a primary and secondary response

So you have a fatal virus…

What would be some examples?

Why would one virus be more virulent than another? For example small pox to HIV?

Possible cures…

What are problems with over using antibiotics?

What is the difference between a vaccine and an antibody?

Comparing types of immunity, which would provide the best or worst immunity

Getting sick

Getting a vaccine with dead pathogen

Getting a vaccine with weak pathogen

Getting an antibody that marks a specific pathogen

What is an allergy?

Finally..you have spent all this time studying this stuff…

Some one then states on the news..

“It is important to learn about the immune response”…could you now debate the pro and cons of this statement?

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Micro Bio and have No Comments

Jan

Bio 11 (16-17) L 31 Jan. 5, 2016

Bio 11(16-17) L 31 Date Jan 5, 2017

Last lessons Objective

Exam on Virus and Immune System

Eval

Today’s Objectives

1. Mapping Metabolism

2. Bacteria Reproduction

3. Experimental design

Topic

Number One

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in a living thing.

Chemical reactions can:

· Make things or synthesis or anabolic

· Break things or decomposition or catabolic

· Convert acids and bases into water and salt

· Make energy to store

· Convert on for of energy into another

· Make heat

· Release heat

Day in the life of a bacteria

· You need to make or get energy

· You need to digest large molecules into smaller ones

· You need to absorb nutrients and get ride of waste.

· You need to make genetic material for cell division

· You need to construct cell membranes and sometimes cell walls

In class mapping of key activities of life and monera terminology

Examples:

· Sources of energy : Auto and Heterotroph

· Means to get energy: Flagella and cilia, saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic.

· What happens to the energy

· Anaerobic and aerobic respiration

· The topic of waste: endo and exotoxin

· Cell Division: Binary fission and Conjugation

· Locomotion and Response to stimuli

Cartoon assignment

Using your metabolism map made in class, create a comic strip entitled “ a day in the life of a bacteria”

Bacteria Cartoons

http://www.thecomicstrips.com/subject/The-Bacteria-Comic-Strips.php

https://www.pinterest.com/explore/bacteria-cartoon/

Life and bacteria

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/30/7-ways-daily-life-disgusting_n_3806378.html

Topic

Number Two

Comparing Asexual and sexual reproduction in bacteria

Asexual makes an exact copy: Binnary Fission

Sexual allows for change in genetic information: Conjugation

Consider the following

1. Which process allows quick growth?

2. Which process allows bacteria to adapt to quick change in environment?

3. Which process could produce resistance to antibiotics?

4. Which process creates diversity?

http://lh2015bio11.weebly.com/binary-fission-vs-conjugation.html

Endospores

http://study.com/academy/lesson/bacterial-endospores-definition-formation.html

Bacterial growth time

http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-bacterial-growth-generation-time-curves-phases-stages.html

Asexual reproduction

http://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-asexual-reproduction.html

Bacteria conjugation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7stZk6TesKk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLIo3wYVKiE

Topic

Number Three

Experimenting with Bacteria

Examples of experiments with bacteria

· http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/gram-stain-antibiotics-project

· https://www.sciencecompany.com/Bacteria-Growing-Experiments-in-Petri-Plates.aspx

· http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/bacteria-experiment-project

· http://study.com/academy/lesson/growing-bacteria-in-a-lab-experiments-conditions.html

Microbes in your house

http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/what-your-dust-says-about-you

Our preliminary quest is to come up with a working hypothesis to explore gram positive and negative bacteria.

Text book Reference

Chapter Eight: Bacteria

True Bacteria Notes on Blog

You tube Reference

Life of a bacteria in the gut

http://bigthink.com/big-think-tv/a-day-in-the-life-of-bacteria-in-your-gut

Microbes and human life

http://www.life-materials.com/microbes-and-human-life.html

Evolutionary history of life

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life

Take Home Message

· Germs is just a general term for a misunderstood living thing!

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline and have No Comments

Jan

Bio 11(16-17) L31 Jan 5,2017

Bio 11(16-17) L 31 Date Jan 5, 2017

Last lessons Objective

Gram staining Yogurt lab

Eval

Today’s Objectives

1. Mapping Metabolism

2. Bacteria Reproduction

3. Experimental design

Topic

Number One

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in a living thing.

Chemical reactions can:

· Make things or synthesis or anabolic

· Break things or decomposition or catabolic

· Convert acids and bases into water and salt

· Make energy to store

· Convert on for of energy into another

· Make heat

· Release heat

Day in the life of a bacteria

· You need to make or get energy

· You need to digest large molecules into smaller ones

· You need to absorb nutrients and get ride of waste.

· You need to make genetic material for cell division

· You need to construct cell membranes and sometimes cell walls

In class mapping of key activities of life and monera terminology

Examples:

· Sources of energy : Auto and Heterotroph

· Means to get energy: Flagella and cilia, saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic.

· What happens to the energy

· Anaerobic and aerobic respiration

· The topic of waste: endo and exotoxin

· Cell Division: Binary fission and Conjugation

· Locomotion and Response to stimuli

Cartoon assignment

Using your metabolism map made in class, create a comic strip entitled “ a day in the life of a bacteria”

Bacteria Cartoons

http://www.thecomicstrips.com/subject/The-Bacteria-Comic-Strips.php

https://www.pinterest.com/explore/bacteria-cartoon/

Life and bacteria

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/30/7-ways-daily-life-disgusting_n_3806378.html

Topic

Number Two

Comparing Asexual and sexual reproduction in bacteria

Asexual makes an exact copy: Binnary Fission

Sexual allows for change in genetic information: Conjugation

Consider the following

1. Which process allows quick growth?

2. Which process allows bacteria to adapt to quick change in environment?

3. Which process could produce resistance to antibiotics?

4. Which process creates diversity?

http://lh2015bio11.weebly.com/binary-fission-vs-conjugation.html

Endospores

http://study.com/academy/lesson/bacterial-endospores-definition-formation.html

Bacterial growth time

http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-bacterial-growth-generation-time-curves-phases-stages.html

Asexual reproduction

http://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-asexual-reproduction.html

Bacteria conjugation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7stZk6TesKk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLIo3wYVKiE

Topic

Number Three

Experimenting with Bacteria

Examples of experiments with bacteria

· http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/gram-stain-antibiotics-project

· https://www.sciencecompany.com/Bacteria-Growing-Experiments-in-Petri-Plates.aspx

· http://www.hometrainingtools.com/a/bacteria-experiment-project

· http://study.com/academy/lesson/growing-bacteria-in-a-lab-experiments-conditions.html

Microbes in your house

http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/what-your-dust-says-about-you

Our preliminary quest is to come up with a working hypothesis to explore gram positive and negative bacteria.

Text book Reference

Chapter Eight: Bacteria

True Bacteria Notes on Blog

You tube Reference

Life of a bacteria in the gut

http://bigthink.com/big-think-tv/a-day-in-the-life-of-bacteria-in-your-gut

Microbes and human life

http://www.life-materials.com/microbes-and-human-life.html

Evolutionary history of life

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life

Take Home Message

· Germs is just a general term for a misunderstood living thing!

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline,Micro Bio and have No Comments

Jan

Bio 11 (16-17) Lesson 30 Jan 3

Biology 11 (16-17) Lesson 30 Date Jan 3 2017

Last lessons	1) Gram Staining Yogurt	Eval
Today’s Objectives	1) Bacteria Vocab and how to study for quiz 2) Immune system Analogy project 3) Designing a bacteria lab
Topic Number One	Rule number one for remembering vocab..do not just memorize. Instead, practice linking one term with another. *Plan A* For example Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions within a living thing. Respiration is converting sugar with oxygen into energy. This is an aerobic (needs oxygen) process Respiration without oxygen is anaerobic A process of using anaerobic to make alcohol is fermentation *Plan B* Make a concept map. (See example in class on the board) *Plan C* Practice by using quizlet · https://quizlet.com/116122883/biology-11-monera-flash-cards/ · https://quizlet.com/4321370/biology-11-kingdom-monera-flash-cards/ · https://quizlet.com/109420506/biology-11-bacteriavirus-immunity-flash-cards/
Topic Number Two	Linking ideas using an Analogy (linking structures with similarity in function) Sample vocab for immune system at quizlet https://quizlet.com/107379517/biology-11-chapter-45-immune-system-flash-cards/ Please sign up with your analogous choice in class. Please read handout with specific instructions
Topic Number Three	Experimental Design with Bacteria Or Putting vocab into action How bacteria from the bottom of the ocean may solve glo Sample Labs https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151022141716.htm · http://www.scienceteacherprogram.org/biology/Jfox08.html · http://www.slideshare.net/ismscience/experimental-design-and-the-bacteria-lab · https://www.sciencecompany.com/Bacteria-Growing-Experiments-in-Petri-Plates.aspx
Text book Ref	Immune system Bacteria
Online
Take Home Message	“There is more than one way to skin a cat”. Sometime you need to look at words as a challenge that can be solved using a variety of activities.

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline and have No Comments

Dec

Inquiry into Bacteria Notes

Inquiry into Bacteria:

These are focus question to help design your Data Sheet

Topic One: Myths and Monera

Prior to making your data sheet consider what comes to your mind when you hear or read the term bacteria?

Some questions you may want to consider while reading the text:

Where are bacteria found?
Are most bacteria harmful?
How are bacteria related to other organisms?
What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote
How are the activities of life useful in examining how bacteria interact with other species?

Topic Two: The problems of classification

Here is the first thing to consider:

What was the original system to classify organisms?
What properties or observations did this system use for classification?
Can these observations be used to classify microscopic organism?
What techniques could be used to establish observational criteria?
What are some limitations of classifying organism based upon structures?

Topic Three: Metabolic Perspectives

Now we have gone molecular, so how can metabolic pathways provide a new way to classify organism?

Consider the following

How do organism get or make their energy?
How do organisms feed themselves?
How is the environment related to metabolism?

Topic Four Interactions with Humans

Positive Interactions

What are the top ten positive interactions with bacteria?

Negative Interactions

How is metabolism and structure related to negative interactions?
How are negative interactions prevented?

(from a macrobiotic to molecular perspectives)

Topic Five: Playing with critters!

What is the criteria for sanitary technique?
How can metabolic activities be used make observations about bacteria?
What simple tests and ideas can we create?

Topic Six: Creating a testable experiment!

You will be responsible for creating an experiment!

Bacteria Notes:

Part One: Unity and Diversity

Ways to classify bacteria

Shape and size
Gram positive and Gram negative
Metabolism (include respiration and food source)
Archeo and Eubacteria

Size and Shape

Bacteria were first described by Leeuwenhoek in 1677 after he had invented the compound microscope.
Bacteria range in size from about 1 to 10 um long by about 0.2 to 0.3 um across (1 um = .001 mm).

Most true bacteria come in one of three different shapes:

(1) Rod shaped: Bacillus(i) [filaments or single].

(2) Spherical shaped: Coccus(i) [pairs, chains, groups or single].

(3) Spiral shaped: Spirillum(a) [seldom in colonies]

Some bacteria tend to form groups:

Diplococci are pairs of spherical shaped bacteria

Streptococci are chains of spherical shaped bacteria

Staphylococci are clusters of spherical shaped bacteria

B: Gram positive and Gram negative

The term gram positive or negative, refers to both a staining proccess and specific structure of bacterial cell membranes or wall. The gram staining method is one of the more important techniques in microbiology. Yet one has to realize that this technique is not 100 percent fool proof. Differences in results can be due to type of stains and age of bacteria.

The staining process follows the following protocal:
Heat fix bacteria to slide
Stain with purple dye (crystal violet), rinse with distilled water
Stain with with iodine (marker), rinse with water
Rinse with alchol wash, functions as a decolorization process in which negative lose colour.
Stain with safranin (red stain) which is counter stain for gram negative

In regards to cell membrane structures:

Gram positive bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan (murein) and teichoic acid. ( basically a sugar based structure combined with amino acids)

Gram negative bacteria also have cell walls composed of a peptidoglycan ( in small amounts) but this layer is surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane.

Comparison of Characteristic of Gram + and Gram –

Characteristic	Gram Positive	Gram Negative
Gram Reaction	Stain dark violet or purple	Stain pink
Ratio RNA to DNA	8:1	1:1
Nutritional requirements	More complex	Less complex
Susceptability to penicillin	Marked	Less marked
Susceptability to streptomycin and tetracycline	Much less	Marked
Susceptability to anionic detergents	Marked	Less marked
Resistance to sodium azide	Marked	Less marked

C: Metabolism and Nutrition

Cell Metabolism:

Nutrients are ingested and then:

broken down by enzymes within cell
further breakdown of material is done to produce energy

Energy is absorbed by biochemical ADP (adenine di phosphate)
Energy is released by biochemical ATP ( adenine tri phosphate)

Energy can be produced with or without oxygen

Anearobic: are bacteria that do not need oxygen for cell metabolism
Areorobic: are bacteria that require oxygen for cell metabolism
Facualtative: are bacteria that can metabolize with or without oxygen

Obligate Aerobes are those which must have oxygen
Obligate Anaerobes are bacteria which cannot tolerate

There are many types of nutrition found among bacteria:

Autotrophic Nutrition:

Some are photosynthetic (use sunlight energy to produce their own food).
Some are chemosynthetic (oxidize inorganic compounds to obtain their

energy to produce their own food).

These organisms are known as Photoautotrophs and Chemoautotrophs in that they manufacture their own food.

Heterotrophic Nutition.

They must obtain their energy and nutrients from other sources.

For example:

Saprophytic bacteria : digest materials in their environment by releasing powerful digestive enzymes. They then absorb the digested nutrients.
Parasitic bacteria : rely on other organisms to provide the digested nutrients directly.

Part Two: Interactions

Bacteria can exist everywhere there is life this includes:

in the air
in the water
in the earth
on plants
in organism
without bacteria, we as humans could not exist
bacteria are the most primitive form of life because they:

a) grow and reproduce ( as often as one time every 15-25 minutes)
b) they use nutrients to survive
c) they have simple cell structures

it is possible to see bacteria through a light or electron microscope
Bacteria are both helpful and harmful
To preserve or stop bacteria metabolism they can be:

chilled

dried out

frozen

heated

Dangerous bacteria are called pathogens because they cause diseases.

to control pathogenic bacteria you can remove bacteria by:

removing all bacteria using extreme heat

wash with antiseptic soaps

use antibiotics

specific immunization for specific bacteria proteins

Some bacteria can become resistant to antibodies by altering protein coat or structure of cell wall.
Bacteria can change into dormant forms called spores, which allow the bacteria to stop metabolism in extremely harsh environments

Useful Bacteria (at least 12 reasons!)

Most bacteria are not pathogenic — include decomposers, nitrogen

fixing bacteria, vitamin producing bacteria, bacteria used to make

insulin and growth hormone, bacteria used in dry cleaning, tanning,

cheese, yogurt

Essential Bacteria:

Bacteria can be helpful because:

they help plants absorb nutrients from the soil ( specifically nitrogen)
they are used to make milk products such as yogurt, cheese and butter
they can be used to manufacture antibiotics
they can alter biproducts from sewage treatments into non toxic waste
they can be used to produce specific gases such as methane
they are used for fermentation

Escherichia coli Gram – rod shape (bacilli)
Sarcina lutea Gram + round shape (cocci)
Bacillus subtilis Gram + rod shape (bacilli)
Bacillus cereus Gram + rod shape (bacilli)
Serratia marcescens Gram – rod shape (bacilli)
Rhodospirillum rubrum Gram – spiral shape (spirilla)

Harmful Bacteria

Harmful bacteria can cause disease (Pathogenic) by interfering with the host’s normal routine, by destroying cells and tissues, by producing endotoxins and exotoxins, and by eliciting an immune response.

An endotoxin is a toxin within the bacterium that is only released when the bacterium dies and it breaks down.
An exotoxin is a toxin released by living bacteria.

Koch’s Postulates: –

used to prove that an organism is responsible for a particular disease.

must be shown that the organism in question is always present in

the diseased hosts.

microbe must be isolated from the host and grown in a pure

culture.

microbe from pure culture must be capable of producing the

disease symptoms in a new healthy host.

microbes isolated from the newly infected host must be grown in a

pure culture and compared to the original micro-organism.

Examples:

a) Respiratory Tract: Strep throat, Rheumatic fever, Scarlet fever;

Pneumonia, Whooping cough, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis…

b) Skin: Staph (pimples and boils), Leprosy, Gas gangrene…
c) Nervous System: Tetanus, Botulism, Meningitis…
d) Digestive System: Typhoid fever, Cholera, Dysentery; (food

poisoning) Salmonella, Botulism, Staph…

e) Venereal Diseases: Gonorrhea, Syphilis…

Infection by bacteria

There are three lines of defence through which bacteria must

penetrate:

a) through the strong epidermal tissue (skin).. .in wounds, pores,

openings.

b) phagocytic white blood cells which engulf foreign materials including bacteria.
c) antibodies produced by other white blood cells.

Active Immunity –

– is slow acting (because the body is taking time to produce antibodies against the infection); but long lasting (because the body produces “memory cells” which “remember” how to produce these specific antibodies again).

Normally produced by actual initial infection (chicken pox), or by using a vaccine (polio, smallpox). The vaccine consists of either weakened (attenuated) bacteria, dead bacteria, or artificial products which resemble the actual foreign invader (antigen).

Passive Immunity

This is fast acting (because the person is injected with antiserum containing the necessary antibodies or antitoxin); but short-lived (because the person does not actually produce the antibodies – hence no memory cells for the future!). The protein antibodies are often provided from the blood of a larger animal such

as a horse! (Tetanus, Rabies). New techniques have been designed so that bacteria can produce specific antibodies. Newborns initially have Passive Immunity through the passage of antibodies across the placenta, and in the Mother’s milk. In some cases, injection of Toxoids stimulate the production of natural antitoxins.

Antibiotics a biological substance which will kill or slow (inhibit) the growth of an organism.

e.g. Penicillin, Tetracycline, Bacitracin, Ampicillin,

Erythromycin…

a) must be bacteria-specific.
b) some people are allergic to certain antibiotics.
c) some could kill off useful bacteria.
d) may reduce the competitive pressure and allow

harmful bacteria to survive.

e) may cause resistant strains to develop.

Other biocides include: Sulfur Drugs, antitoxins, various

bacteriocides, disinfectants…

Part Three: Changes with time

Reproduction

Bacteria reproduce mostly asexually by a process called BinaryFission. In this method, the circular ring of DNA replicates, and then the cell divides into two daughter cells — each with its own DNA.

Some bacteria can also undergo sexual reproduction by a process called Conjugation. In this method, the “male” is connected to the “female” by a tube called a Pilus. The DNA from the “male” then travels through the tube to the “female”. Here, it recombines with the “female” DNA and the “female” bacterium then divides.

Some bacteria can be Transformed into a different cell by absorbing fragments of DNA of other cells. In another method of producing recombined bacterial DNA, bacteriophages (viruses) carry portions of the bacterial DNA from one cell to another. This process is called Transduction.

When environmental conditions are not favourable, some bacteria are capable of forming highly resistant thick-walled Endospores until conditions once again return to normal.

Part Four Form and Function

Cell Structure:

A bacteria cell has the following structures:

Nuclear material in the form of DNA to pass on genetic information
Cell membrane: which controls the flow of material in and out of a cell
Ribosome: which assist in making cell proteins
Cell wall
Flagella
Endospores

Bacteria Lab Questions:

Why must you always use sterile technique when working with bacteria?
What does “pathogenic” mean?
What is an “inoculum”?
List three general rules for handling bacteria.
When is the Pour Plate Method of culturing bacteria used?
Why must you be careful in regulating the temperature of the melted agar in the Pour Plate Method?
In procedure 7 in each of the labs, why did you have to flame the mouths of the test tubes?
What is the reason for using the streak plate method?
What is the reason for using the Pour plate method?