Biology 11 Lesson Outline                                      Date July 27 th

Biology 11

Name: _________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Phylum Echinodermata

(Greek: echinos = “spiny”, derma = “skin”)

Pages 340-341

I Background:

• The Phylum Echinodermata includes 6 Subphyla that include a total of 18 Classes. Some of these Subphyla and Classes include:
  • Subphylum: _______________ (Includes 4 Classes)
    • Class: _______________– Brittle Stars
    • Class: _______________ – Sea Stars and Starfish
  • Subphylum: _______________ (Includes 2 Classes)

• Class: _______________ – Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
• Class: _______________ – Sea Cucumbers

• Echinoderms are completely _______________ and only live on the ocean floor

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The development of Echinoderms after the egg stage is so similar to that of the Chordata, as well as being unique to only those two Phyla that it is believed that the Chordates (Vertebrates) and the Echinoderms share a common ancestor!!!

II Body Plan/Structure:

• Echinoderms have _______________symmetry, but it is believed that they evolved from a bilaterally symmetrical ancestor
• Most members of the Phyla are _______________ with _______________similar body segments arrayed around a central core
• Echinoderms contain the three true germ layers:
  • ________________________________
  • ________________________________
  • ________________________________

• Defining Characteristics of Echinoderms

1. All Echinoderms have an _______________ made of _______________, covered with a layer of _______________
2. Echinoderms possess a _______________

• This is a system of fluid-filled _______________ that acts like a hydraulic pressure system
• The system is used for _______________, _______________ and _______________
• Water is drawn into the water vascular system through a structure called a _______________.
• The water travels down a structure called a _______________ until it reaches the circular _______________ that encircles the central core
• The water is passed down to each _______________ through the _______________ where it enters the _______________ (Small bulbs)
• The _______________ are connected to little sucker-like feet called _______________. The _______________and the _______________ are called _______________

III. Feeding:

• Most echinoderms have a very _______________ digestive system
• There is a _______________ that is connected to a _______________ that is connected to an _______________
• The stomach extends into each arm where digestive juices are released to digest the food
• undigestible food is released out the anus

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Sea Stars can be deadly carnivores. They will mount their prey

(usually an unsuspecting Bivalve) and wrap their arms around it until the opening of the Bivalve is facing the mouth of the Sea Star. From here the Sea Star pulls the Bivalve open using its sticky tube feet and powerful arms. It then everts its stomach into the Bivalve and digests the Bivalve inside its own protective shell. The Sea Star then pulls its stomach back inside to digest the organic material!!!

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Sea Urchins scrape food off of hard surfaces using a special structure called Aristotle’s Lantern. Who knows, if you study hard and become a famous Philosopher and Biologist you could name an anatomical structure after yourself too!!!

1. Respiration:

• The thin-walled _______________allow for simple _______________ to occur
• Some Echinoderms contain special _______________on their epidermis that aid in respiration

1. Internal Transport:

• The Water Vascular System is responsible for transporting _______________, _______________ and _______________ throughout the body

1. Excretion:

• The Water Vascular System is used to release metabolic wastes into the surroundings. The wastes are released from the _______________

VII. Response:

• In general Echinoderms have a very _______________ nervous system
• They have a central _______________ that surrounds the stomach. The central nerve ring connects to _______________ that extend into and control each arm

• They can generally only respond to:
  • _______________ – Using special structures found on the epidermis
  • _______________– Some have very very simple _______________ on the tips of their arms

VIII. Movement:

• Echinoderms are either _______________ or very slow moving
• They crawl using the Water Vascular System to pump water in and out of their _______________

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The ferocious Sunflower Star is by far the fastest moving Echinoderm and can move at speeds up to 1 meter per minute!!!

1. Reproduction:

• The Echinoderms have separate _______________ and _______________ organisms
• The _______________ of most Echinoderms take up the entire coelom
• The _______________ and _______________ are simply released into the water by both sexes
• Once the egg has been fertilized it matures into a _______________symmetrical larvae which eventually matures into the adult

Echinoderms also have the ability to _______________ body parts after they have been damaged or removed

MOLLUSCS

(phylum mollusca)

– many of our ideas of sea monsters come from molluscs.

– also provide many types of food – think of all the molluscs that we eat.

CLASSES OF MOLLUSCS

Biology 11

Name: _________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Phylum Annelida: Segmented Worms

(Latin: anellus = “little ring”)

Pages 323-327

1. Background:

• 2 Major Classes: (Actually 4 classes)
  1. Class _______________: (Means “Many Bristles”)
  2. Class _______________:
     • Subclass _______________: (Means “Few Bristles”) The Earthworms
     • Subclass _______________: The Leeches

• ~15000 known species
• The Annelids live in many diverse environments including freshwater, marine and terrestrial

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The giant Australian Earthworm can grow to be up to 3 meters in length

1. Body Plan/Structure of the Earthworm

• _______________ symmetrical body plan
• Three true germ layers:
  • _______________
  • _______________
  • _______________

• A true _______________ with a _______________ and _______________connected by intestines

• A large _______________ on the _______________ side of the their anterior end which acts as a primitive brain
• The _______________ are connected to a _______________ which runs down the _______________ side of the body

• A true _______________ that is lined with _______________
• Both _______________ and _______________muscles
• A _______________.       Their circulatory system is made up of two _______________ which run along the length of the body on the ____________ and _______________ sides. There are also a series of “_______________” called the _______________ which pump the blood through the circulatory system.
• Annelids are _______________ and contain both male and female reproductive organs.
• These organs are found just anterior to a special structure called a ___________ which is a swollen segment near the _______________ end of their body.
• Annelids have true _______________
  • Each segment of the Annelid worms contains similar structures to the next segment
  • Each segment is separated from the next by a __________ (plural = septa).
  • Annelid worms contain little bristles on their exterior called ____________ which aid in locomotion.
  • Each segment of an Annelid contains a pair of _______________ which are used for excretion

III. Feeding:

• Most Earthworms are _______________ which means that they eat decomposing organic matter (detritus)
• As Earthworms travel through the dirt they suck the dirt into their mouth using their muscular _______________
• The Earthworm sends the dirt through the _______________ and into the _______________ by muscle contractions
• The dirt is stored in the _______________ until the worm is ready for digestion
• Using muscle contractions the dirt moves into the _______________ which acts much like a _______________
• The _______________ mechanically digests the dirt and organic material by mixing it. The sand in the dirt aids to grind the organic material into small pieces
• The organic material and dirt continues along the _______________ by muscle contractions
• As it travels through the intestines the organic material is absorbed into the _______________ in the _______________and _______________ blood vessels
• The remaining inorganic dirt travels through the _______________ to the _______________

1. Respiration:

• _______________ enters directly through the _______________ by the process of _______________
• The oxygen enters the blood and is transported to all the body cells of the Earthworm
• _______________exits the circulatory system directly through the ectoderm and into the Earthworm’s surroundings by the process of _______________

1. Internal Transport:

• All Annelids have _______________ circulatory systems which contains _______________ with _______________
• The haemoglobin in the blood transports _______________ throughout the Annelid and gives the blood its red colour
• The circulatory system of Annelids is made up of the _______________which are a series of muscular “_______________”, and a pair of blood vessels which run along the _______________ and _______________sides of the worm
• The _______________ pump the blood through the _______________ blood vessel and collect blood from the _______________ blood vessel

1. Excretion:

• Each segment of an Annelid contains a pair of _______________ which are used for excretion
  • Wastes are excreted by the body cells into the _______________ cavity
  • The _______________ collect the waste material from the _______________cavity and transport it out of the earthworm

VII. Response:

• Most of the Earthworm’s sensory organs are found in the _______________ end
• The _______________ interpret sensory information and send the information along the ventral _______________ to the segments
• As the nerve cords enter each segment they bulge to form individual _______________in each segment which allows each individual segment to respond quickly

VIII. Reproduction:

• Asexual reproduction:
  • Annelid worms can undergo the process of _______________ to produce two genetically identical worms
  • Annelids can also _______________ after they have been cut

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Earthworms can be cut up to 1/13 their size and still regenerate!!!

• Sexual Reproduction:
  • Earthworms are _______________
  • Two earthworms line up _______________ to _______________ so their _______________ and _______________ line up (male to female)
  • The _______________ produce a slime tube that surrounds both worms
  • _______________ is transferred from each partner to the other
  • The worms wriggle out of the slime tube releasing the _______________
  • The sperm fertilize the eggs within the worm “_______________”
  • The eggs mature directly into the adult Earthworms which emerge from the “cocoon”

1. Movement:

• Earthworms move by a process known as _______________: alternately contracting and relaxing       muscles

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Human beings also perform peristalsis, however, we use the process to swallow our food. Try eating or drinking upside down one time and see what happens!!!

1. Ecological Roles:

• Annelids play incredible ecological roles
• Earthworms are very important to agriculture. As they burrow through the soil they help to aerate it allowing the roots of plants to gain much needed space and oxygen. The castings they leave behind also help to fertilize the soil
• Some countries around the world use a leeches. In Medieval times leeches were used to suck people’s blood in hopes of balancing their “Humours”. In modern medicine the chemical that leeches secrete during feeding called hirudin is used to prevent blood coagulation in certain operations such as plastic surgery or to stimulate circulation in reattachment surgeries.

Biology 11

Mr.Carmichael

Name: __________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Nematoda Anatomy

Biology 11

Mr. Carmichael

Name: ___________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms

(Greek: nema = “thread”)

Pages 314-317

1. Background:

• 2 Major Classes:
  1. _______________________________
  2. _______________________________
• ~ 80000 species known

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Nematodes are the most abundant multicellular lifeforms on earth!!!

• The Nematodes have evolved to live in every habitat on the planet from marine to fresh water, the polar regions to the tropics and from the highest elevations to the lowest.
• Nematodes can be _____________________ or _______________________

1. Body Plan/Structure:

• Nematodes demonstrate a ________________________ symmetrical body plan
• They have a _________________and _______________________ body
• They lack a ______________________
• They have three germ layers:
  1. ______________________
  2. ______________________
  3. ______________________
• Nematodes are the fist phylum we will look at that has a _________________ ____________________________ with a _________________ and an _____________ connected by __________________________
• The mouth is connected to the intestines by a muscular ___________________
• Nematodes are ___________________________ which means that they have an internal body cavity but this cavity is not lined with _______________________
• They do have muscles but only ___________________________ ones
• They have ____________________ in their __________________ end which is connected to two __________________________ that run down the length of the body on the ________________ and ____________________ sides
• Nematodes secrete a thick _______________________ that surrounds the body and protects them from their surroundings

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Nematodes are born with the same number of cells that they will have for their entire life. This means that as Nematodes grow they do not get new cells; instead their cells just get larger!!!

III. Feeding:

• The free-living Nematodes usually eat bacteria, fungi, protozoans along with other detritus (decomposing material)
• Parasitic Nematodes live off of their host organism
• Food is ingested through the mouth by muscular contractions of the ___________
• The food is digested in the ________________________
• Undigested food is passed out of the _______________

1. Respiration:

• Respiration occurs by simple _____________________ where oxygen is taken up by the body cells from the surroundings and carbon dioxide is released from the body cells into the surroundings

1. Internal Transport:

• The Nematodes lack a true _______________________________; However, nutrients diffuse from the intestines into the __________________________ where they circulate throughout the body

1. Excretion:

• Wastes and undigested nutrients are released out of the _____________.
• They also have _____________________________________ on either side of their body which release wastes into the surroundings from the pseudocoelom

VII. Response:

• Nematodes can have the ability to sense and respond to three stimuli:
  1. Sense and respond to ________________
  2. Sense and respond to ______________________
  3. Sense and respond to _________________

VIII. Movement:

• Since Nematodes lack _______________________ muscles and only have ______________________ muscles they can only slash around from side to side

1. Reproduction:

• Sexual reproduction (free-living):

• Most Nematodes are either ________________ or _______________ (though some are hermaphroditic)
• When a female and a (much smaller) male Nematode meet, the male will wrap his ________________ around the female
• One or more ______________ will move out of his anus and will be inserted into the females __________________ and sperm will be transferred
• The fertilized eggs are released by the female into the surroundings

1. Ecological Roles:

Parasitic Nematodes:

Like the Platyhelminthes there are many forms of Nematodes that are parasitic. They Are mostly parasitic on vertebrates and can cause serious illness. They also have very complicated lifecycles:

Eg. Trichenella spiralis (causes Trichinosis)

• These Nematodes only need one host to mature but can be passed from host to host
• The adult Nematodes live in the _______________ of their host (pig/rat/human)
• When they undergo sexual reproduction the larva burrow into the muscles of their host and create a capsule around themselves called an _______________
• After maturing the larvae travel back to the intestine to begin the lifecycle again

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Most Humans get Trichinosis from eating undercooked pork which

contains the larvae filled encysts!!!

Biology 11

Mr. Carmichael

Name: _________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Parasitic Nematoda Life Cycle

eg: Trichenella spiralis

Biology 11

Name: _________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Platyhelminthes Anatomy

eg: Class Turbellaria, Family Planaria

Biology 11

Ms. L. Jamieson

Name: _________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms

(Greek: platy = “flat”, helminth = “worm”)

Pages 311-317

1. Background:

• 4 Major Classes
  1. _______________________: Parasitic fluke worms
  2. _______________________: Parasitic Tapeworms
  3. _______________________: Parasitic flatworms
  4. _______________________:       Free-living flatworms
• ~ 25000 known species
• Some flatworms are free-living whereas other flatworms are completely parasitic and require a host to survive

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The longest tapeworm ever to be extracted from a human was 37 feet long and was pulled out of a woman’s mouth!!! In whales they can grow up to 120 feet in length!!!

1. A) Free-Living Platyhelminthes:

(Class Turbellaria)

1. Body Plan/Structure:

• Flatworms demonstrate a _______________________ symmetrical body plan
• They are ____________________ flattened and lack a __________________
• They have a highly branched _______________________________________. It is considered a ______________ gut because there is only one opening to it which serves the function of both the ______________ and ______________
• They have three germ layers:
  1. ______________________: Outside
  2. ______________________: Inside
  3. ______________________: Middle layer of tissue between the ectoderm and the endoderm

• Though Flatworms have three germ layers they are _______________________ and have no body cavity

• Flatworms do have ___________________ and primitive __________________ that are used for __________________ and ___________________
• Flatworms are also the most primitive organisms to show ___________________
• The head region of Flatworms contains a concentration of __________________ called ___________________ (singular=_____________________) that resembles a primitive brain.
• They have two __________________ that run from the __________________ in the head region along the ___________________ side of the worm to the tail.
• In the head region of Flatworms are two ______________________________
• They also have lobes on the side of their head called _____________________

III. Feeding:

• The free-living forms of Flatworms are ______________and ______________
• Flatworms have a ___________________ which is connected to the __________________ through a long       muscular ________________________
• Small invertebrates or the remains of dead animals are taken into the mouth/anus by the muscular ____________________
• The food is then digested in the highly branched ________________________
• The nutrients moves from the gut into the body cells by __________________

1. Respiration:

• Respiration occurs by ___________________
• ______________is taken up directly by the ________________ from the water or the gut
• ______________________ is released directly from the _________________ into the water or the gut

1. Internal Transport:

• __________________ and ___________________ in the gut are simply absorbed into the body cells by the process of _____________________

1. Excretion:

• Most undigested food is released directly out of the _____________________
• Other waste materials diffuse from the body cells into the _________________ and exit out of the ____________________
• Other undigested food is released out of tiny ____________________ that open to the water

VII. Response:

• Flatworms are able to sense and respond to at least three forms of stimuli:
  1. Sense and respond to __________________: The __________________ can detect light and allow the Flatworms to respond to it
  2. Sense and respond to ____________________: ____________ on the side of their head regions can sense ___________________ in the water and allow the Flatworms to respond (like “smelling”)
  3. Sense and respond to ________________: The ____________________ on either side of the head region can sense _______________ and allow the Flatworms to respond
• The _____________________ in the head region relay messages from the sensory organs down the _______________________ to the rest of the body. The _______________________ can control _______________________ in the body which allow the Flatworms to ______________ or ________________.

DID YOU KOW!!!: Even though Flatworms only have primitive brains they are capable of

learning!!!

VIII. Reproduction:

• Asexual Reproduction:
  • Flatworms can asexually reproduce through a process called ____________.       The ________________ and ________________ ends hold a surface and the midsection constricts. This results in two new flatworms, one from the _________________ end of the original flatworm and the other from the ____________________ end of the original flatworm.
  • Flatworms can also ________________________ parts they have lost.

DID YOU KNOW!!!: If you cut a small piece off the tip of a flatworm’s head region and left the wound open it will regenerate a new head in front of the old one. You can repeat the process to create a flatworm with many heads. If we were Greek we could call it a Polycephaloturbellarian!!!

• Sexual Reproduction:
  • Flatworms are _________________________
  • After two flatworms have copulated they release sacs of fertilized __________ and attach them to a surface

DID YOU KNOW!!!: In the animal world it is much easier to be male because you generally

don’t have to take care of your offspring. Because of this some hermaphroditic flatworms demonstrate a sexual behaviour called “Penis Fencing” in which two flatworms will attack each other with their penises. The first one that can jab the other will release their sperm and thus take on the role of a male while the flatworm that has been jabbed will have their eggs fertilized and take on the role of the female!!!

1. Movement:

• The flatworms move across a surface using _________ on their _____________ surface
• They can also move by contracting _______________ and _________________ muscles that lay just below the __________________. These muscles are controlled by the ___________________.

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Some flatworms are so muscular they can swim through the water!!!

1. Ecological Roles:

1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________

Biology 11

Mr. Kalkman

Name: ______________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Parasitic Platyhelminthes

(Classes Trematoda, Cestoda and Monogenea)

Parasitic Platyhelminthes are quite a bit different than their free-living relatives. Many of these adaptations are related to the fact that they live within host organisms. Most of the final host organisms that parasitic Platyhelminthes use are vertebrates, including HUMANS!!! However, they have intricate lifecycles with intermediate host organisms.

Here is a list of adaptations that make the fluke and the tape worms different than the free-living flatworms.

Class Cestoda (Tapeworms):

1. The Beef Tapeworm

• The tapeworm has a _______________ at its anterior end, with complicated hooks for attaching to the intestines of its host.
• The tapeworm does not have a _______________ or _______________. They are bathed in the pre-digested fluids of their host, and absorb nutrients directly into their cells
• Since they live in such a harsh environment as the intestines they have a modified ectoderm called a _______________ which protects them from the host’s _______________ and _______________
• The tapeworm is _______________ and has a body adapted for reproducing.
• The body of the tapeworm is segmented into _______________, each containing both male and female _______________.
• As the eggs in the proglottids are fertilized they are released into the human host’s intestines and eventually end up in the host’s _______________.

• Lifecycle:
  • After the fertilized eggs have been released in the fecal matter of the human host the feces can be used as fertilizer etc.
  • The eggs are ingested by the intermediate host, a cow
  • The eggs mature into larva which burrow into the muscles of the cow
  • The beef is eaten by more humans and the larva mature into tapeworms in the intestine of the human host to start the lifecycle again.

Class Trematoda (Flukes):

1. Schistosoma

• The fluke worm has an an _______________ on its anterior end for attaching to the host
• Fluke worms also have a _______________ to protect them from their host’s _______________ and _______________
• Flukes are most often _______________ but in the case of Schistosoma there is a male and a female form
• Other than these adaptations flukes show many of the same characteristics as the free-living turbellarians

• Lifecycle:
  • The adult fluke worm lives in the blood vessels near the intestine of a human host.
  • When it is ready to lay its eggs it pushes its way into one of the tiny blood vessels of the intestine and lays thousands of eggs
  • The sheer number of eggs causes the blood vessels to burst releasing the eggs into the intestine
  • The eggs are carried out of the human host in their fecal matter
  • In many underdeveloped countries there are no proper sewage system and the fecal matter is used as fertilizer
  • The eggs get into the water systems and mature into ciliated larva
  • The larva swim until they find a snail intermediate host. If they do not find this snail they will die
  • The larva burrow into the tissue of the snail, feed on its tissues and asexually reproduce
  • The new larvae exit the snail and become free-swimming
  • The new free-swimming larvae burrow into the skin of humans who are swimming near them
  • A male larva and female larva will find eachother and move through the human circulatory system until they reach the human liver where they mature and feed on red blood cells
  • The pair of mature trematodes migrate to the intestines where they undergo sexual reproduction
  • The female releases the eggs into the small blood vessels of the intestines to start the cycle again.

Biology 11

1. Jamieson

Name: _________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

Human Tapeworm Lifecycle:

Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Cestoda, Taenia saginata

Biology 11

Ms, Jamieson

Name: ____________________ Date: ___________ Block: _____

Liver Fluke Lifecycle

Phylum Platyhelminthes, Class Trematoda, Schistosoma mansoni