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01
Aug

Chordate Review

Chordate Study Guide

 

  1. What are the 4 characteristics shared by all chordates (4 marks)
  2. The adult seasquirt (Urochordata) has only one of the characteristics of the phylum chordata.
  3. Which characteristic does it have? (Urochordate)
  4. Why is it still considered a member of phylum chordata?(Urochordata)
  5. What is the main function of the kidney in a freshwater fish?
  6. Describe 3 adaptations of reptiles to living on land (3 reasons)
  7. Which class do Snake, lizards, crocodiles, and turtles belong to?
  8. Which class do Wolves, whales and humans belong to?
  9. The circulatory system of an adult frog consists of
  10. Jaws first occurred in which of the following classes?
  11. Characteristics shared by both reptiles and birds are
  12. Mammals that are born in an immature state and then continue their developement in a pouch on the mother are called
  13. Which of the following is a member of the Class Osteichthyes
  14. What are the parts of an amiotic egg and their function?
  15. Which chordate class contains animals that use a rasping tongue to obtain food?
  16. What are the three main characteristics of the Class Mammalia?
  17. Did mammals coexist with dinosaurs?
  18. What was the earliest mammal a predator or herbivore?
  19. Which modern chordate group is thought to be most like the earliest chordates?
  20. The invertebrate phylum most closely related to chordates is?
  21. What are the charactertistic of birds that only they have?
  22. Which chordate has no lungs?
  23. What does the circulatory system of a bony fish consists of?
  24. The mammalian umbilical cord has evolved from which two parts of the reptile egg?
  25. Which of the chordates are an Endotherm (“warm-blooded”)?
  26. The amniote egg first evolved in which of the following groups?
  27. What is the purpose of the allantois in the amniotic egg?
  28. What for nitrogen was does the mammalian kidney excrete?
  29. Which chordate has teeth in their jaws?
  30. Which chordate class has the most diversity?
  31. Which chordate class can live in the most diverse habitats.
  32. Which chordate class can fly, swim, and crawl?
  33. Which chordate has metamorphosis?
  34. Which chordates have hair?
  35. Which chordates have fur?
  36. Which chordates have lungs and claws?
  37. As chordates evolved onto land which systems changed?
  38. As chordates evolved how do reproductive strategies change?
  39. What are example of symbiosis in chordates?
  40. How do skin tissues change with the evolution of chordates?
  41. If a predatory bird population is hunting just mice, what is the ecological association between the two species?
  42. If one species of fish is eating the same food as another species, what ecological relationship is this?
  43. What three strategies do mammals have for gestation of their young?
  44. What is the difference between viviparous and oviparous?
  45. How are the lungs of a bird different ?
  46. Which chordates have urea?
  47. Which chordates have ammonia?
  48. Which chordates have uric acid?
  49. What is the advantage of teeth in sockets?
  50. Which chordate does not have teeth?
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline,Chordata and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Reptile Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Class Reptilia: Animals that Creep

 

Reptilia

  • (L. reptilis = “__________”)
  • evolved from _______________ about _______________ years ago

 

Make a venn diagram to compare Reptile to Amphibian

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Major Groups of Reptiles

  1. _________________________
  2. _________________________
  3. _________________________
  4. _________________________

 

 

Reptile Adaptations

 

Skeleton

  • Many have strong, bony skeletons able to ___________________________
  • most have _____ limbs and feet with __________

 

 

Body Covering

  • skin is _____ and _______________
  • covered with hard __________
  • functions in protection from _______________ (drying out) and from _______________.

 

Respiration

  • breathe _____
  • depend on __________ for obtaining oxygen

Heart

  • has _____ chambers (like that of _________)
  • ventricle partially divided by a ___________
  • when the ventricle __________, the opening in the septum __________ and the ventricle is temporarily divided into _________________.
  • this reduces the mixing of _______________ and ____________________

 

Circulatory system

= _____________ system.

  • The left half of the ventricle receives __________ blood from the ____________, and pumps it to __________.
  • The right half of the ventricle receives __________ blood from the _____________, and pumps it to _______________.

 

Kidneys

  • in most reptiles, wastes are excreted as _______________, which is insoluble and needs very little water to produce
  • this allows reptiles to survive without drinking water. They get enough water from _______________.
  • therefore many reptiles can survive in _________________________
  • turtles excrete wastes as __________ (similar to __________).

 

Reproduction

  • Most reptiles lay eggs covered with shells that are _______________
  • the egg contains __________________________ for the developing embryo
  • has a shell which makes it _______________
  • can be laid on __________
  • Most reptiles are ___________ (their eggs are laid and incubated _________________)
  • some reptiles are __________ – they give birth to _______________.
Name Function
amnion  
yolk sac  
allantois  
chorion  
albumin  

 

Fertilization

because egg-shells are impervious to both water and sperm, _______________ is required.

  • reptiles have a __________ – a posterior opening shared by the __________, __________, and __________ tracts. The word comes from Latin, and means ” __________”.
  • most reptiles have _______________, which are stored inside the body.
  • male crocodilians and turtles have a __________
  • lizards and snakes have a pair of __________ (penes = plural for _________)

 

Did You Know?

The incubation temperature of eggs determines the sex in many reptiles. Nests with high temperatures produce more females, and nests with lower temperatures produce more males.

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posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Chordata and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Fish Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Aquatic Vertebrates – Fishes

 

  1. Class Agnatha – Jawless Fishes
  • a = “­­­­­­­­­­__________” + gnatha = “__________”
  • include: _______________ and ________________
  • origins: appeared about ________­­­­­ mya
  • have a _________ but no backbone
  • other features which they do not have:
  • no _______________, no __________ (so they cannot bite or chew), and no _______________

 

  1. Hagfish (aka: ___________________)
  • protect themselves with __________
  • lifestyle: ______________________________ ____________________
  • feed by _______________________________

 

  1. Lampreys
  • lifestyle: ______________________________
  • feed with circular ____________________________ with rows of _________________________

 

 

  1. Class Osteichthyes – Bony Fishes
  • osteo = “__________” + ichthyes = “__________”
  • largest group of vertebrates, includes _____________________________
  • evolved from _______________ about _____ mya
  • have ____________________ so they can bite food
  • have a backbone and skeleton made of __________
  • have paired ______________________________
  • 2 groups of bony fish:
  1. a) ray-finned fish
    • more than half of all vertebrates
    • includes: __________________________
  • fins are __________________________

 

  1. b)   lobe-finned fish
  • includes _________________________
  • fins are _________________________, supported by a central core of _________
    • probable ancestors of __________
  1. Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilagenous Fishes
  • chondros = “__________________” + ichthys = “_________”
  • include __________________________________
  • evolved from _______________ about _____ mya
  • have ____________________ so they can bite food
  • have a backbone and skeleton made of _______________ (not bone)
  • have paired _______________________________________________
  • skin is very rough – covered with toothlike __________ – has been used as sandpaper
  • lifestyle: most are __________

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adaptations of Fish

 

  1. Heart and Circulation
  • ­­­­­­­­­fish have a _____________________ circulatory system
  • the heart has _______ chambers (one __________ and one _______________)
  • blood is pumped from the __________ to the __________, where it absorbs __________, and releases ____________________
  • clean oxygenated blood flows to the __________ __________, were it delivers ___________, picks up __________ then returns to the __________
  • in a single-loop system blood pressure has to be ________________ in order to get blood through 2 capillary beds

 

 

  1. Swim Bladder
  • looks and functions like a _______________ filled with gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen).
  • Fish can add or remove gas from the bladder
  • helps the fish maintain _______________ and adjust depth easily


  1. Respiration
  • fish obtain oxygen through ____________________ made of thousands of filaments
  • the gills are covered with an ____________ which protects the gills
  • fish “swallow” water which passes through the ________ to exit the body
  • as the water passes over the gills, oxygen diffuses from ________ into __________, and metabolic wastes diffuse from _____ into ________ and exit the body

 

 

  1. Kidneys
  • main function is to ____________________________________________ in the body
  • also function to __________________________________
  • saltwater fish
  • their tissues are _______________ than surrounding water
  • they tend to __________ water (problem of “drying out”)
  • so they drink lots of water and excrete excess salt through __________
  • the kidneys excrete wastes in the form of __________ (like ours)
  • these fish produce _______________ urine
  • freshwater fish
  • their tissues are __________ than surrounding water
  • they tend to __________ water
  • their kidneys excrete wastes in the form of __________ which is toxic, so it is flushed out with lots of water
  • these fish produce large amounts of very __________ urine

 

 

  1. Body Covering
  • they are covered with __________, which function in _______________ but do not prevent water loss

 

 

  1. Senses

– the ___________________is a sense that allows fish to detect movement and vibration in surrounding waters.

– members of class Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and skates) have __________________ that allow them to detect electrical fields produced by living organisms.

 

 

  1. Reproduction
  • fertilization usually external (called “_______________”)

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Chordata and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Amphibian Gap Notes

Biology 11

 

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

 

Class Amphibia – Living in Two Worlds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Class Amphibia – Amphibians

  • amphi = “__________” + bios = “_____”
  • origins: first _______________ to live on land
  • evolved from ___________________________________about _____ mya
  • include ___________________________________________________

 

Have 2 Life Stages:

  • a __________ which undergoes ______________ to become an ________

 

 

 

 

 


Adaptations of Amphibians to Land

 

 

  1. Skeleton
  • most adult amphibians have strong __________ and _____ adapted for ___________________ (hopping or crawling)

 

  1. Body Covering
  • skin is ____________________ with no __________
  • function of skin: __________ – many amphibians have ______________ on their skin
  • also functions in ____________________ – since __________ and _______ pass through easily
  • amphibians in water have the problem of ____________________________
  • amphibians on land have the problem of _____________________________

 

III. Respiration

  • tadpole respiration through _____
  • adult amphibian respiration 90% through _____
Capillaries in _____ and _____
  • lungs are _____________________________ (some salamanders have no lungs)

 

  1. Heart and Circulation
  • tadpole heart has _____ chambers – like that of a _______
  • adult amphibians have ___ chambers: separate left and right ______, but only 1 __________.
  • tadpole has _____ loop, like a _____
  • adult has _____ circulatory loops: the __________ loop and the __________ loop.
  • in pulmonary loop: deoxygenated blood goes to _____ and/or _____, where it picks up _________, and releases ______________, then it goes back to the _________ where it partially mixes with deoxygenated blood from __________
  • systemic loop: mixed blood sent to _________ ______________
Capillaries in _____

  1. Kidneys and Excretion
  2. Tadpoles and aquatic adults:
  • similar to _________________________
  • primary function of kidneys is ___________________
  • kidney produces __________ which is toxic and requires lots of water
  • amphibians produce _______________ of urine
  1. Terrestrial adults:
  • kidneys conserve water by producing ______ instead of ammonia – less toxic
  • urine more _______________
  • produce _____ urine

 

  1. Reproduction
  • must return to the water to reproduce
  • fertilization may be
  • __________ (spawning) – ______ and ______ released into water (frogs and toads)
  • __________ (salamanders and newts)
  • eggs are not waterproof – must be laid in __________ or in ________________ ___________
  • eggs are coated with a clear jelly that functions to keep them __________ and protects them from _______________
  • zygote develops into an aquatic __________, which undergoes _______________ into a terrestrial __________.

 

 

VII. Unique Adaptations

  • Frogs and Toads have a __________ that functions to ______________________ (no similar structure in fish)

 

 

Did You Know?

Poison dart frogs excrete alkaloid toxins through their skin that are poisonous to would-be predators. However, the frogs do not synthesize their own poisons. The frogs obtain the toxins from animals that they eat, such as ants and mites, and then store the toxins in their skin glands. Because of this, captive bred poison dart frogs do not contain significant levels of toxin.      

 

 

 

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posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Chordata and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Chordata Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Phylum Chordata

 

Human beings belong to a group of animals that all have backbones or ____________. This group is called the ____________, and is a “subphylum” of the phylum _________.

 

 

Classification of Chordates

There are 3 subphyla in phylum Chordata

  1. ____________________ (uro = “__________”)
  2. ____________________ (cephalo = “__________”)
  3. ____________________ (vertes = “__________”)

 

The first two phyla of invertebrate chordates represent an evolutionary transition between ______________ and ______________

 

 

Four Characteristics of Chordates:

All animals in Phylum Chordata have these 4 characteristics at some point in their lives:

 

  1. Most chordates have a ________________
    • the backbone evolved from the _______________ – a stiff flexible rod made of cartilage that runs along the back
    • ALL chordates have a notochord at some point during their development
    • in _______________ the notochord becomes the ________________
    • benefits of a notochord/backbone: muscles can attach to the notochord, allowing chordates to

 

  1. All chordates have a ____________________
    • the nerve cord runs parallel to the _______________
    • in vertebrates this is surrounded and protected by the __________ (segments of the backbone)
    • at the ___________ end it is enlarged to form the __________

 

  1. Chordates have _____________ gills
    • (pharynx = “____________”)
    • aka: ________________ (branchial = “_______”)
    • gills are used for _______________ and ______________
    • gills are supported by _____________ made of _______________
    • in embryos, gills start out as pouches in the pharynx. All ____________ have pharyngeal gill pouches at some point during their development
    • in chordates that breath water, the gill pouches become _____________ supported by__________
    • in chordates that breath air (for example _______________), the gill pouches develop into organs such as __________, and the gill arches become structures such as _______________ and ________________ (voicebox)

 

  1. All chordates have a ____________________
    • the _____________________________ extend into the tail, which allows the tail to be used for ____________
    • found at some point during development in all _____________

 

 

Evolutionary Origins of Chordates:

 

The invertebrate phylum most closely related to the chordates is _________________

  • Both phyla belong to a group of animals called __________________ (deutero = “_____________” and stome = “___________”)
  • All other invertebrates belong to a group called __________________   (proto = “_____________”)
  • The feature that Chordates and Echinoderms share is how and when their ______________ forms during embryonic development______ __________________________________

 

 

                      Protostomes                      Deuterostomes

time

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The 2 Invertebrate Chordate Phyla

 

  1. Characteristics of Urochordatata (sea squirts or tunicates)
  • lifestyle: ________________________________________
  • covered by a “tunic” (tunic = “__________”)
  • has a _____________ but no ________________
  • larva has ____________________________
  • only chordate characteristic in the adult is _____________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Characteristics of Cephalochordata (lancelets)
  • lifestyle: _______________________________
  • retain all 4 chordate characteristics throughout life

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Characteristics of Vertebrata (animals with backbones)
  • in all vertebrates (except the hagfish) the notochord is replaced with a backbone made of ________________ ( = ___________________________________)
  • the ___________________ is surrounded and protected by the __________
  • Vertebrates also have:
    • a complex ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_______________ and a large _______________ protected by a ________________
    • an endoskeleton with ________________ and one or two pairs of ________________
    • complex ________________
    • special ________________ (eg: skin, scales)

 

 

Vertebrate Classes

There are 7 ____________ of vertebrates

  1. Agnatha – ______________________
  2. Chondrichthyes – ______________________ (sharks)
  3. Osteichthyes – ____________________
  4. Amphibia – _____________________
  5. Reptilia – __________________
  6. Aves – ______________
  7. Mammalia – ___________________

 

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Chordata and have No Comments
27
Jul

Chordata Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Phylum Chordata

 

Human beings belong to a group of animals that all have backbones or ____________. This group is called the ____________, and is a “subphylum” of the phylum _________.

 

 

Classification of Chordates

There are 3 subphyla in phylum Chordata

  1. ____________________ (uro = “__________”)
  2. ____________________ (cephalo = “__________”)
  3. ____________________ (vertes = “__________”)

 

The first two phyla of invertebrate chordates represent an evolutionary transition between ______________ and ______________

 

 

Four Characteristics of Chordates:

All animals in Phylum Chordata have these 4 characteristics at some point in their lives:

 

  1. Most chordates have a ________________
    • the backbone evolved from the _______________ – a stiff flexible rod made of cartilage that runs along the back
    • ALL chordates have a notochord at some point during their development
    • in _______________ the notochord becomes the ________________
    • benefits of a notochord/backbone: muscles can attach to the notochord, allowing chordates to

 

  1. All chordates have a ____________________
    • the nerve cord runs parallel to the _______________
    • in vertebrates this is surrounded and protected by the __________ (segments of the backbone)
    • at the ___________ end it is enlarged to form the __________

 

  1. Chordates have _____________ gills
    • (pharynx = “____________”)
    • aka: ________________ (branchial = “_______”)
    • gills are used for _______________ and ______________
    • gills are supported by _____________ made of _______________
    • in embryos, gills start out as pouches in the pharynx. All ____________ have pharyngeal gill pouches at some point during their development
    • in chordates that breath water, the gill pouches become _____________ supported by__________
    • in chordates that breath air (for example _______________), the gill pouches develop into organs such as __________, and the gill arches become structures such as _______________ and ________________ (voicebox)

 

  1. All chordates have a ____________________
    • the _____________________________ extend into the tail, which allows the tail to be used for ____________
    • found at some point during development in all _____________

 

 

Evolutionary Origins of Chordates:

 

The invertebrate phylum most closely related to the chordates is _________________

  • Both phyla belong to a group of animals called __________________ (deutero = “_____________” and stome = “___________”)
  • All other invertebrates belong to a group called __________________   (proto = “_____________”)
  • The feature that Chordates and Echinoderms share is how and when their ______________ forms during embryonic development______ __________________________________

 

_________ forms first

                      Protostomes                      Deuterostomes

_________ forms first
time

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The 2 Invertebrate Chordate Phyla

 

  1. Characteristics of Urochordatata (sea squirts or tunicates)
  • lifestyle: ________________________________________
  • covered by a “tunic” (tunic = “__________”)
  • has a _____________ but no ________________
  • larva has ____________________________
  • only chordate characteristic in the adult is _____________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Characteristics of Cephalochordata (lancelets)
  • lifestyle: _______________________________
  • retain all 4 chordate characteristics throughout life

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Characteristics of Vertebrata (animals with backbones)
  • in all vertebrates (except the hagfish) the notochord is replaced with a backbone made of ________________ ( = ___________________________________)
  • the ___________________ is surrounded and protected by the __________
  • Vertebrates also have:
    • a complex ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_______________ and a large _______________ protected by a ________________
    • an endoskeleton with ________________ and one or two pairs of ________________
    • complex ________________
    • special ________________ (eg: skin, scales)

 

 

Vertebrate Classes

There are 7 ____________ of vertebrates

  1. Agnatha – ______________________
  2. Chondrichthyes – ______________________ (sharks)
  3. Osteichthyes – ____________________
  4. Amphibia – _____________________
  5. Reptilia – __________________
  6. Aves – ______________
  7. Mammalia – ___________________

 

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Chordata and have No Comments
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