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Anatomy and Physiology (muscle cells) Jan 10th 2020

Anatomy and Physio Tissues Labs (Muscle Tissue) Jan 8th 2020

 

 

Topic Key Points Resource

 

Organs are made of tissues Worksheet labelling tissues found in anatomical structures

Three  types of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Overview by Khan academy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems

 

Skeletal muscle Are defined by structure and function

a)     Voluntary (controlled movement)

b)    Striation due to overlapping protein.

c)     Due to overlapping muscle bundles they appear multi nucleated

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1x94x1/?s=lab+5.6

 

Cardiac Muscle Are defined by structure and function

a)     Involuntary ( autonomic nervous)

b)    Cylindrical fibres

c)     Intercalates discs ( join cells )

What is the function of the intercalated discs?

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/10-1-overview-of-muscle-tissues/

 

 

Smooth muscle Are defined by structure and function

a)     Spindle shaped fibres

b)    Central nuclei

c)     Found in walls of internal organs or viscera.

d)    Contracts (involuntary via autonomic system.

e)    Called “smooth” due to lack of striation

Which organs have smooth muscle?

Videos on muscles

Crash Course

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ktv-CaOt6UQ

 

Muscle Basics for Athletes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94Q-fvCAJzQ

 

Take home The job of muscle is to move something.

Striation is linked to what?

What organelles would be in muscle and why?

What elements are vital for muscles and why?

Worksheet handed out for lab
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology 12,Biology 12 Lesson Outline,Biology Twelve Notes and have No Comments

Anatomy and Physiology Lesson Jan 8

Anatomy and Physio Tissues Labs ( Epithelial Tissue) Jan 8th2020

 

 

Topic Key Points Resource

 

Organs are made of tissues Worksheet labelling tissues found in anatomical structures Overview by Khan academy

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-systems

 

Epithelial tissues Are defined by

a)     Layers ( simple or striated)

b)    Shape of cells

Squamous

Cuboidal

Columnar

c)     Cell membrane structurs such as cilia

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1x94x1/chapter/examining-epithelial-tissue-under-the-microscope/

 

Role of tissues Note: diversity of names of epithelial tissue is due to diversity of functions of the tissue.

Functions (5):

Absorption

Barrier

Protection

Secretion

 

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/4-2-epithelial-tissue/

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology 12,Biology 12 Lesson Outline,Biology Twelve Notes and have No Comments

Acme Guide for Anatomy and Physiology DNA and Enzyme evolution

Acme Guide for Anatomy and Physiology DNA to Enzymes Test

 

Topic  
DNA  
Basics ·      What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

·      What compliment base pairs?

·      What structures in DNA make “genes”?

·      Why are the amounts of Adenine in DNA equal to Thymine?

·      If a gene has 120 base pairs, how many amino acids are in the protein?

·      DNA is called a semiconservative molecule, why?

·      DNA is called a supercoiled molecule, why?

·      Could you compare DNA to RNA using a table to compare structures and function?

 

Replication ·      Can you identify base pairs during replication?

·      Using a diagram of DNA making a new strand, how could you matching base pair. How would this change if the DNA is make RNA?

·      In replication which bonds are broken?

·      If DNA was replicating with radioactive Thymine, would it show up in future generations DNA? Why

·      In order, what are the four events that occur in DNA replication?

·      What are the enzymes involved with Replication?

 

Transcription ·      If you were given a DNA strand of code, could you predict the sequence of amino acids in the protein?

·      What are the enzymes in transcription?

·      What is produced in transcription?

·      If you were given a strand of DNA code, could you predict the effect of deleting one base in that code by showing the final amino acid sequence?

·      What are two factors that could change what protein would be formed?

 

Translation ·      In protein synthesis where and when are peptide bonds formed?

·      In protein synthesis where does transcription and translation occur?

·      rRNA is produced by which process?

·      What are the enzymes in translation?

·      What are the steps of protein synthesis from DNA to making a protein?

·      When does the base Thymine change to Uracil? Why?

·      Looking at the complete process of protein synthesis what is the purpose for:

a)     Ribosome moving to mRNA

b)    Adenine bonding to thymine

c)     An amino acid bonding to specific tRNA

d)    Forming a peptide bond

Gene Manipulation ·      What is recombinant DNA? Where does the DNA come from?

·      Using a diagram of a cells or bacteria cells DNA, how could recombinant DNA be used to make a specific protein

 

Enzymes ·      What is the sequence of events from combining substrate to enzyme and either making or breaking a chemical bond to make a new product?

·      What is the lock and key theory and how is it different from an enzyme whose active site changes? What is that process called?

What is :

·      Competitive inhibition

·      Non-competitive inhibition

·      Non-reversible inhibition

·      Coenzyme activity

Could you show the above interactions with a diagram?

 

Can you interpret graphs:

·      For amount of product vs progress of the reaction (time)

·      Rate of reaction vs Enzyme concentration

·      Energy level vs progress of reaction

·      Effect of denaturing an enzyme due to temperature

·      Effect of denaturing an enzyme due to ph.

·      Effect of denaturing and enzyme due to heavy metal

·

Enzyme lab interpretation ·      Interpreting enzyme lab results, a colour indicator is used to show the presence of a product.

·      Looking at a data table, could you predict the change in a colour due changes is substrate, acid, temperature, heavy metal, or increase of decreased concentrations of enzyme?

Interpretation of enzyme flow chart (see notes) If you were shown an interaction between two enzyme such as:

 

A with (enzyme 1) goes to B with (enzyme 2) goes to C

 

What would be two ways to increase the production of product C

 

What would be two ways to slow down or stop production of product C

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology 12,Biology Twelve Notes,DNA and Protein Synthesis and have No Comments

Night before exam and all through the house..

For Bio 12 Anatomy and Physiology Students..

Please get some sleep tonight!

Here is a site with good data for your cheat sheet.

Chemistry of life Water https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/water/

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology 12,Biology Twelve Notes and have No Comments

Bio 12 Circulatory Exam Review

Topic Questions

 

Chapter
Heart Anatomy Using a diagram, be able to label all blood vessels, valves and chambers

Note:

·      4 valves and locations (note two names that can change).

·      4 blood vessels and location

·      4 chambers and location

·      Cartilage to limit motion of valves

·      Cardiac blood vessels

·      Papillary Muscles

·      Purkinje fibres

·      Chordae tendinae

 

·      What tissue or structures surrounds the heart?

·      What is the tissue lining the inside of the ventricles?

 

10

 

see notes

Blood vessel

Away and to the heart

Using the diagram from page 1 of your notes:

Identify changes in

·      Pressure

·      Velocity

·      Surface Area

 

Identify reasons for changes in velocity, pressure and cross section area

 

Which blood vessel has the largest or the smallest diameter?

 

Which blood vessel has the most or least amount of muscle

 

Which blood vessels show a pulse

 

How is a vein suited for its function?

 

Why are the advantages of slowing blood in capillary bed?

 

What are the primary blood vessels that go to:

·      The intestines

·      The kidney

·      The legs

·      The head

 

Which blood vessels have a high concentrations of:

·      Oxygen

·      Carbon Dioxide

·      Nutrients

·      Waste

 

·      During an operation, a surgeon slices a blood vessel, what clues would identify if it were a vein or artery?

 

·      Why would tissues of capillaries have a high number of mitochondria?

 

Cardiac Cycle ·      Heart rate is controlled by which part of the brain?

·      What is the difference between a pulse and the cardiac cycle?

·      What are the specific steps of the cardiac cycle?

 

ECG ·      What is a pass maker and the natural pacemaker in the heart

·      What is the difference between P and T waves

·      What disorders of the heart could be linked to length and height of EKG?

 

Lymphatic system ·      How are lymph capillary similar to veins

·      How are lacteals associated with the circulatory system?

 

Blood flow ·      What is the correct path of blood from the heart to the lungs, back to the heart and then to the body

·      What are the blood vessels in this paths

 

 

Blood Pressure ·      What is the relationship between

·      Systole and Diastole

 

·      What blood vessel would have a pressure of 35 to 16 Hg

 

·      Which organs can influence blood pressure besides the kidney?

 

·      What are two no medicinal ways that the body can lower or raise blood pressure?

 

Whoops  

What is a:

·      Stint

·      Coronary by pass

·      Stroke

·      Aneurysm

·      Heart attack

·      Hemorrhage

 

·      What is the relationship between a thrombus and embolus?

 

·      What are two symptoms that would be noticed if the valve between your right atrium and right ventricle is not working correctly

 

·      How are “plague” and a coronary by pass related?

 

Fetal Blood Flow ·      What are the four adaptions of fetal blood flow?

·      What is the function of the Foremen ovale?

·      What is the function of the Ductous arteriosus?

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology 12,Biology Twelve Notes and have No Comments

Bio 12 Cheat Sheet Guide for DNA and Enzymes

Chapter 5/ 24 Cheat Sheet Topics

 

 

Chapt Key Topic Questions
  DNA a)   What is found in Nucleic Acid
    b)   Why are ratios of base pairs linked to type of base?
    c)    What portion of DNA define genes?
    d)   Where does replication occur
    e)   What are the steps and proteins involved in replication?
    f)     What is the backbone of DNA made of?
    g)   How can you use a diagram of DNA replication to identify specific base pairs
    h)   What are three properties of DNA? (SAS)
    i)     What are the specific steps for both replication.
     
  Protein Synthesis ·      Where does RNA get made in a cell?

·      What is involved in:

·      Transcription

·      Translation

    What is the function of

·      mRNA

·      tRNA

·      rRNA

    What are the structure and function of a

a)DNA

b) Codone

c) Anticodon

d)triplet

    How do you use mRNA and tRNA tables to define what proteins should be created from a strand of DNA?
    What is the role of restrictive enzymes in protein synthesis?
  Mutations What is a definition for “mutation”

How would the code for a protein change for point mutations?

  Bio tech How does recombinant DNA work?
    How can helicase and polymerase be used in biotechnology?
     
  Enzymes ·      What is the role of enzymes in reactions
    ·      What is activation energy
    ·      How can you increase or decrease an enzyme reaction?
    ·      What is the role of a coenzyme?
    ·      What two theories are linked to enzymes?
    ·      What are three factors that can create a significant change in an enzyme?
    ·      There are four types of bonds in enzymes, which 3 factors factors affect these four types of bonds and how?
    ·      What is competitive inhibition
    ·      How can a coenzyme help an enzyme work? (example?)
    ·      How can an end product of a metabolic pathway be used to control its own production?
    ·      In our class experiment we used the enzyme “amylase” to break down corn starch, what would happen if we used pepsin instead?
    ·      What are four factors that could slow or speed up an enzymatic reaction. (note this is not to denature the enzyme)
    ·      How did we use a data table to decide which enzyme has been denatured?
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology 12,Biology Twelve Notes and have No Comments

Bio 12 Review Questions for Chapter 3 and 4 exam

Bio 12 Cell Biology and Membrane Review

 

 

Topic Subtopic  
Cell Biology Energy ·      Which organelle is linked to cellular respiration.

·      What does it need?

·      What products are made?

·      Which organelle oxidizes glucose?

·      How is a mitochondria linked to prokaryotic cells?

 

  Plant Cells What process is linked to:

·      Cell walls

·      Making sugar

·      Storing water

·      What organelles or structures are unique to just plants?

·      How could you identify a chloroplast in a group of organelles diagrams?

 

  Making Protein ·      What type of molecules are made in the RER.

·      What structure can be used to identify RER?

·      How could you identify proteins used for within the cell verses being made to leave the cell?

·      Which leaves the nucleus, DNA or RNA and why?

 

  Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton ·      What is role of cytosplasm and cytosol?

·      What is the role of cytoskeleton?

·      How is protein structure linked to cytoskeletons?

  Making lipids ·      What type of molecules are made in the SER

·      What are two functions of the SER?

·      Would SER make both hormones and detox what enters a cell?

·      How is the SER linked to cholesterol?

·      Do SER modify and activate hormones?

     
  Eating cells ·      What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
  Vesicles and cells ·      What is the role of endocytosis

·      What is the role of exocytosis

  Packaging ·      What type of molecules leave the cell inside vescicles?

·      Looking at a cell diagram, how could you distinquish between ER and Golgi?

    ·      How does a lysosome digest what is inside a vesicle?
  Information ·      What is the distinction between nucleus and nucleolus?

·      What process is linked to the nucleolus?

·      What process is linked to the nucleus?

  Microtubules, filaments and more ·      Which filament has a 9+2 pattern?

·      Which filament has a 9+2 pattern?

  Cell behavior Which solutions cause a cell to:

a)   shrink or creanate?

b)   swell or burst?

c)    stay the same?

 

  Cell Metabolism ·      What is the sequence to make, package and then release a vesicle?

·      Which organelles require hydrolytic enzymes?

·      What structures are found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

 

Membranes    
  Structure ·      What are the main molecules found in a cell’s membrane?

·      Which are hydrophobic?

·      Can you identify structure of a cell membrane using a diagram of the cell membrane?

·      Are cell membranes found is just plant or animal cells?

·      What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

 

  Diffusion and osmosis ·      How can you use a “u” tube to describe movement through a semi permeable membrane?
  Passive ·      What are some example of facilitated or passive moment across a cell membrane.

·      What are two characteristic about passive transport that are different that active transport

 

  Active ·      How does the thyroid gland get such a high level of Iodine within the cells of that gland?

·      Which molecules are actively transported across a membrane?

·      Can you label and discuss the sodium potassium shunt?

  Integration Questions How is hydrostatic pressure related to osmotic pressure?

 

What are the relationships both in structure and function of SER and the Golgi Apparatus?

 

What organelles could be linked to the following cells and why:

·      Thyroid gland

·      Muscle cell

·      Photosynthetic cell

·      Gland cell

·      Neuron

 

What multiple mechanisms are involved in the movement of:

·      Water

·      Sodium ions

·      Amino acids

 

 

What are three ways that active transport differs from diffusion across a cell membrane?

 

What would happen if you put a saltwater fish egg into fresh water?

 

Why would you store a marine invertebrate in fresh water?

 

How would you know if a human was drowned in fresh water or salt water if you looked at their lung cells?

 

What is the difference between a semipermeable membrane and a selectively permeable membrane.

 

How could you make a semipermeable membrane work faster?

  Vocab Check Can you identify or match structures with functions.

·      Nucleus

·      Nucleolus

·      RER

·      SER

·      Golgi Apparatus

·      Cilia

·      Polysome

·      Basal Body

·      Flagella

·      Cilia

·      Centriole

 

Format Multiple Choice Diagrams and statements

Problem solve with tonicity

Sequence of events

Labeling cellular structures

  Short Answers Comparison questions

Predictions with solutions

  Matching Structures with functions.

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology 12,Biology Twelve Notes and have No Comments

Biology 12 ( Blood Review Sheet)

Blo 12 Blood Review Sheet:

 

Part One: “The Bits” or vocab (take the time to fill in)

 

Vocab Definition
Antigen  
Bicarbonate ion  
Blood Type  
Bradykinin  
Carbominohemoglobin  
Carbon dioxide  
Carbonic acid  
Coagulation  
Fibrin  
Fibrinogen  
Hemoglobulin  
Iron  
Plasma  
Platelets  
Prothrombin activator  
Red Blood Cell  
Rh factor  
Serum  
Stem cell  
Thrombin  
Tissue fluid  
White blood cells  
  Hormone that increases blood glucose level
  Hormone that lowers blood calcium level
  Hormone that decreases blood glucose
  Hormone that increases metabolic rate
  Hormone that helps in repair of damaged tissues

 

 

Part Two: How things interact

 

  1. Inflammation
  • What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
  • What are the cellular products in inflammation?
  • What are the plasma components of inflammation?
  • What are the five stages or events of inflammation?

 

  1. Blood Clotting
  • What are the cellular components of a clotting response?
  • What are the biochemical components of a clotting response?
  • What element helps with blood clotting?
  • What are the specific steps of blood clotting?

 

  1. Blood Type
  • How many blood types are there and how are they identified?
  • What is a universal donor?
  • What is a universal receiver?
  • What is a rhesus factor and how does it occur?
  • How is agglutination related to rh factor and how would you notice under a microscope?
  • What is “erythroblastosis fetalis” and how does it occur?

 

  1. Cell types
  • What is the role of specific white blood cells?
  • Over population of white blood cells is due to?
  • What occurs if there is a shortage of red blood cells?
  • What is missing in red blood cells?
  • How often do red blood cells get replaced and where do replacement cells come from?

 

 

  1. Gas Exchange
  • Most of the carbon dioxide produced by cells is carried in the blood plasma as?
  • Slow uptake of carbon dioxide occurs in the plasma to create?
  • What is the role of carbonic anhydrase and where does it occur?
  • What is the role of chlorine and blood plasma carbon dioxide?
  • Carbon dioxide and water in the blood changes to?
  • How does the blood regulate ph?
  • What is the role of carbaminohemoglobin in red blood cells?

 

 

And then..things that go whoops!

 

  1. Abnormal blood tests

What would cause the following and what could be possible symptoms

  1. decrease in leukocytes
  2. low level of fibrinogen
  3. Elevated levels of plasma proteins
  4. To little iron in the blood
  5. Low ph in blood
  6. Low level of calcium in blood
  7. Low level of carbonic anhydrase in rbc
  8. Low levels of red blood cells
  9. High levels of glucose in the blood
  10. Low levels of glucose in the blood

 

Some things to consider

 

  • What is an autoimmune response?
  • How is cancer linked to blood types?
  • What are two reasons why oxygen, water and nutrients move freely from the arteriole end of the capillary into the tissue fluid?
  • How can a hematocrit give a quick description of what is occurring within your body?
  • How is stem cell research linked to blood cellular components?
  • Which two ions could affect how blood absorbs carbon dioxide and how blood clots?

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology 12,Biology Twelve Notes and have No Comments