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12
May

Gymnosperm and angiosperm study guide

Bio 11 Gymnosperm and Angiosperm Study Guide

Think about

  1. How are these organisms classified?
  2. How does exchange of DNA linked to Evolution and adaptions?
  3. RRREGNTS (Eight activities of life)

 

Gymnosperm Review

  1. A pine tree is which generation? Sporophyte or Gametophyte.
  2. Explain how a tree can grow both up and out?
  3. Why are some gymnosperms called “evergreens”?
  4. What is developed within cones and what generation is a cone?
  5. What is the difference in location between an ovule and pollen in gymnosperms?
  6. Why is a gymnosperm called “naked seed plants”?
  7. What is the advantage of having needle like leaves?
  8. If a tree has cones and needles, what structure will it not have?
  9. In gymnosperms what is the significance of macro and microspores?
  10. What are some functions of fluids within a gymnosperm?
  11. How do seeds and vascular tissues help gymnosperms and angiosperms survive on land?
  12. How are gymnosperms similar to angiosperms?
  13. How is a seed similar and different from a spore?
  14. What is the advantage of having pollination?
  15. How is pollination different in gymnosperms verses angiosperms?
  16. What is the proper order of :

fertilization, formation of seed, germination and pollination?

 

 

Angiosperms

  1. What are the structures and functions of

A flower (anther, pistil, stigma, style, ovary, ovule, petal and?)

A fruit (say a tomato)

  1. What are the male and female structures of a flower?
  2. Is a flower gametophyte or sporophyte?
  3. What is the difference between “hard” and “soft” wood?
  4. What is the purpose of double fertilization?
  5. Can you match structures of a flower and it’s function?
  6. How are angiosperms and gymnosperms different?
  7. How can you tell the difference between a monocot and dicot?
  8. If I cut a tomato in half, what would the area with the seeds be called?
  9. What is the outer layer of a tomato called?
  10. Why do tomatoes change colour from green to red?
  11. What is a “nut”?
  12. Why is fruit a better way to spread genetic material than a naked seed?
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Botany and have No Comments
09
May

Animal Notes 3 ( Cnidarian Notes)

Biology 11

Thank to Ms. L. Jamieson

Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Block: ____

 

 

Phylum Cnidaria:

(Greek: cnidos = “stinging needle”)

Pages 306-309

 

  1. Background

 

  • 4 Major Classes:
    1. _______________:True coral, Sea Anemones, Sea Pens – ~6000 spp
    2. _______________: Box Jellyfish, Sea Wasps – ~20 spp
    3. _______________: Hydroids, Freshwater Hydra, Fire Coral – ~3000 spp
    4. _______________: True Jellyfish – ~200 spp

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The “Box Jellyfish” has the most potent venom of any animal on the

planet. A sting from these Australian jellyfish is usually fatal

 

  • Most Cnidarians are _______________, but some live in _______________

 

  1. Body Plan/Structure:
  • The Cnidarian have a _______________ symmetrical body plan
  • They are the first Phylum that we will study with a true _______________ (gut)
  • There is only one opening into the _______________ which serves the function of _______________ and _______________
  • Like the Sponges they only have two germ layers:
    1. _______________ : Outside
    2. _______________ : Inside
    3. _______________ (Not really a germ layer): A jelly-like material that lies between the _______________ and the _______________
  • They do not have organs but do have _______________ and _______________ (but no brain)
  • They do not have a _______________

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Up to 95% of a Cnidarian’s body may be water!!!

 

 

 

  • All Cnidarians have _______________ around the _______________ which they use to catch food
    • The tentacles have special cells called _______________. Inside these _______________ are little harpoons called _______________ which fire to capture food

 

  • Cnidarians demonstrate _______________ in their lifecycle:
    • They have a _______________ of their lifecycle which is _______________ and _______________ (eg. Anemone)
    • They also have a _______________ of their lifecycle which is _______________and _______________ (eg. Jellyfish)

 

III. Feeding:

 

  1. Capturing Prey:
  • Cnidarians use _______________ to capture food
  • Thousands of special cells on the tentacles, called _______________, contain sacs called _______________
  • The _______________ contain a coiled, hollow, threadlike tube which is often filled with _______________.
  • When a tentacle brushes up against something it triggers the _______________ to fire the harpoon-like threads in order to _______________, _______________ and sometimes _______________ the prey
  • The _______________ form is _______________ and must wait for prey to come close enough to capture it while the _______________ form is _______________ and accidentally swims close enough to prey to capture it (they don’t have a brain so they don’t think about what they’re doing).

 

  1. Digestion:
  • Captured prey is brought to the _______________ by the tentacles
  • The food is taken into the _______________ where it is digested
  • The nutrients from the digested prey are absorbed into the _______________ where they _______________ throughout the Cnidarian

 

  1. Respiration:
  • _______________ is absorbed directly into the cells of Cnidarians from the surrounding water by _______________
  • _______________ is released directly from the cells of Cnidarians into the surrounding water by _______________diffusion

 

 

 

  1. Excretion:
  • Undigested food is released back into the water through the _______________
  • Metabolic wastes are released directly from the cells of Cnidarians into the surrounding water

 

  1. Response:
  • Cnidarians do not have a brain, but they have a _______________ that encircles the body
  • The _______________ is a very simple type of _______________ that controls simple ____________ and is used for movement and to control the ___________

 

  • Cnidarians can also sense and respond to their surroundings.       These include:
    1. Sense and respond to _______________
    2. Sense and respond to _______________
    3. Sense and respond to _______________
    4. Sense and respond to _______________
    5. Sense and respond to _______________

 

VII. Reproduction:

  • Alternation of Generations:
    • Aexual Reproduction:
      • The sessile polyp stage undergoes _______________ reproduction by _______________
      • _______________ gives rise to the _______________ stage of the life cycle
    • Sexual Reproduction:
      • The _______________ stage can be either _______________ or _______________
      • The _______________ develop and cluster in the _______________ to form “_______________” (not true organs)
      • The gametes are released into the water
      • When a _______________ cell meets an _______________ cell in the water it fertilizes it
      • The fertilized egg (_______________) develops into the _______________ larva stage called a _______________
      • The _______________ eventually attaches to an object to form a new p_______________ stage

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Some Cnidarians like Sea Anemones and Coral (Anthozoans) do not have a medusa stage in their lifecycle. Instead they are hermaphroditic and release both eggs and sperm directly into the water.

 

VIII. Movement:

  • The _______________ form of Cnidarians are _______________
  • The _______________ form of Cnidarians are _______________

 

  1. Colonial Specialization
  • Some Cnidarians can form colonies
  • Most of the colonies are formed during the _______________ stage of the lifecycle but some Cnidarians form colonies during the _______________ stage of the lifecycle
  • Colonies allow for _______________ of parts
  • These colonies are formed from many polyps each with a specific function
  • One example of a colonial Cnidarian is The Portugese Man ‘O War, which contains polyps sepecialized for _______________, _______________, _______________, and_______________

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Corals are gigantic colonies of Cnidarian polyps. These polyps secrete

calcium carbonate for protection which gives Corals all of their cool shapes!!!.

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: As Corals die new ones grow over the dead calcium carbonate skeletons. Many generations of settlement, growth and death result in huge reefs like the Great Barrier Reef, hundreds of feet thick and millions of years old!!!.

 

  1. Ecological Roles of Cnidarians:
  • _______________ and _______________ form symbiotic relationships with thousands of other organisms
  • Some anemone form symbiotic relationships with _______________
  • Both anemone and coral provide _______________, _______________, and _______________ for thousands of organisms
  • Coral reefs also help humans in many ways
    • The protect the coastal land from damaging waves
    • They also create amazing waves that many people enjoy surfing
    • Many people around the world rely for food on the abundant coral reef fish

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The Bonsai Pipeline off the North Shore of Hawaii is created by a reef that lays only a few feet beneath the surface of the ocean!!!.

 

  • Coral Bleaching:
    • The coral reefs around the world are quickly being destroyed.
    • Pollution created by us humans is killing the polyps of the coral leaving behind the white calcium carbonate reef. This is called coral bleaching.
    • The calcium carbonate reefs are much more fragile and are destroyed by waves which destroys many of the ecosystems found in the coral reefs
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Cnidaria and have No Comments
09
May

Animal Notes 2 ( Invert classification and activities of life)

Biology 11

Mr Carmichael

Name: ___________________________ Date: _________ Block: ___

 

 

The Invertebrates

Text page 304

 

  • An invertebrate is any animal that lacks a ______________.
  • Of the 36 animal phyla, only one phylum includes animals with backbones, the Vertebrates. This is the phylum ______________ which includes us humans.
  • Approximately 95% of all animals on earth are Invertebrates
  • We will study the following 8 Invertebrate Phyla:
  1. Phylum ______________ (Sponges)
  2. Phylum ______________ (Jellyfish, Anemone, Corals, etc.)
  3. Phylum ______________ (Flatworms)
  4. Phylum ______________ (Roundworms)
  5. Phylum ______________ (Segmented Worms)
  6. Phylum ______________ (Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, etc.)
  7. Phylum ______________ (Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders, etc.)
  8. Phylum ______________ (Sea Stars, Sea Cucumbers, Sea Urchins, etc.)

 

  • In order to survive, all animals must be able to perform 7 essential functions:
  1. ______________: Obtain energy and nutrients for survival
  2. ______________: Consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
  3. ______________: Circulatory system to carry oxygen, food and wasted to and from cells of the body
  4. ______________: Eliminate poisonous waste from the body
  5. ______________: Sensory cells and nervous system to find food, spot predators and locate others of their own kind
  6. ______________: Either sexual (helps create genetic diversity) or asexual
  7. ______________: Musculo-skeletal system

 


Phylum Porifera: The Sponges

(Latin: porus = “pore”, ferre = “to bear”)

Pages 304-306

 

  1. Background:
  • Porifera means “animal with pores” and sponges have a lot of pores
  • Sponges are the ______________ and ______________ of animals

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The oldest known animal fossils are sponges

 

  • Many early naturalists thought that sponges were plants. In 1765 the internal water currents were observed which led to the realization that sponges are animals
  • There are over 5,000 different species, most live in salt water but a few species live in fresh water
  • Sponges have been used for thousands of years for cleaning and other purposes

 

  • 3 Major Classes:

There are three major Classes of Poriferans:

  1. ______________: Sponges containing Calcium carbonate (chalk) spicules
  2. ______________: Sponges containing Silica (glass) spicules
  3. ______________: Sponges containing Silica (glass) spicules and Spongin (~ 90% of all sponges)

 

  1. Body Plan/Structure:
  • ______________ – the most primitive multicellular animal group
  • ______________ or sometimes ______________ symmetrical body plan
  • Two types of openings:
    • ______________ (plural: ostia) = small pore in the side of the sponge where water flows ______________ to the sponge
    • ______________ (plural: oscula) = large opening at the top of the sponge where water flows______________ of the sponge
  • ______________ = central cavity surrounded by walls with thousands of pores
  • ______________ level of organization
    • no true tissues, no organs, muscles, nerves, mouth or digestive cavity
    • just groups or specialized cells that all serve different functions

 

  • Two cell layers:
    • ______________ outside
    • ______________ inside
    • ______________ = jelly-like layer in between the ______________ and the ______________ (not a cell layer)
  • Four types of specialized cells
    • Epidermal cells (______________) = Ectoderm
    • Collar Cells (______________) = Endoderm
    • Pore Cells (______________) = Line the Pores (Ostia)
    • Amoeba Cells (______________) = Roam through the ______________
  • Skeleton
    • Skeletons of some sponges are made of ______________ which are produced and secreted by the ______________
    • ______________ come in many shapes and sizes
    • Some ______________ are made out of ______________ (chalk) while others are made out of ______________ (glass)
    • Spicules can be woven together by protein fibres called ______________
    • Most sponges have both ______________ and ______________

 

III. Feeding:

  • Sponges are filter feeders: – eat primarily ______________
    • ______________ cells (______________) have ______________ which create a steady current of water through the pores (______________) and into the central cavity (______________)
    • As water enters the sponge through the pores (ostia) it passes the ______________ cells (Choanocytes)
    • Particles of food in the water are trapped by ______________ on the ______________ cells (Choanocytes)
    • ______________ cells (Choanocytes) engulf food and digest it
    • Undigested food passes to the ______________ in the ______________
    • The ______________ roam from ______________ cell to ______________ cell collecting nutrients and distributing it to other cells
    • Water exits through a the large hole at the top of the sponge (_________)

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: A four inch tall sponge that is half an inch in diameter can filter up to 30 gallons of water a day

 

  1. Respiration:
  • The water current flowing through the sponge delivers oxygen to the sponge cells.
  • The cells take up the oxygen and release carbon dioxide through simple ______________

 

  1. Excretion:
  • The water current which flows through the sponge carries waste out of the top of the sponge (______________).

 

  1. Response:
  • Many sponges protect themselves by producing toxins
  • That make them unpalatable or poisonous to potential predators

 

VII. Reproduction:

  • Asexual:
    • ______________ – new sponge grows on parent then falls off to create a new animal
    • Sponges can ______________ after being pulled apart
  • Sexual
    • Eggs and sperm (______________) are released into the water
    • Most species are ______________– one individual possesses both eggs and sperm
    • Eggs and sperm are released at different times to assure ______________

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Sponges are the only animals that if broken down to the level of their cells, can miraculously reassemble and resurrect themselves

 

VIII. Movement:

  • Sponges are ______________ and do not move.
  • However, during sexual reproduction the fertilized egg develops into a free-swimming ______________ larva.       The larva attach to the bottom of the ocean and undergo ______________ to form the adult sponges

 

  1. Ecological Roles of Sponges:
  • Sponges help clean the water of the oceans
  • They provide food, homes and shelter for other organisms
  • They can form symbiotic relationships with algae
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Intro to inverts and have No Comments
09
May

Animal Gap Notes ( introduction)

Biology 11

Thanks to Ms. L. Jamieson

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

The Kingdom Animalia

(Latin: anima = “vital breath”, “soul”)

 

Classification of Animals:

Animals can be classified based on the following features:

  1. _______________
  2. _______________
  3. _______________
  4. _______________
  5. _______________

 

1) Level of Organization:

  1. _______________ level of organization = just cells, not organized into tissues
  2. _____________ level of organization = cells organized into tissues, no organs
  • Have 2 germ layers
    • _______________ = inner layer of cells
    • _______________ = outer layer of cells
  1. _______________ level of organization = tissues organized into organs
  • Have 3 germ layers
    • _______________ = inner layer of cells
    • _______________ = outer layer of cells
    • _______________ = middle layer of cells

The evolutionary trend is _____________ à ____________ à ____________

 

2) Type of Body Plan:

  1. _______________ = an incomplete digestive system with only one opening which serves the function of both the mouth and the anus
  2. _______________ = a complete digestive system with two openings – a mouth for food input and an anus for waste output

The evolutionary trend is _______________ à _______________

 

3) Type of Body Symmetry:

  1. _______________ = The animal’s body does not have any symmetry
  2. _______________ = Similar body parts are arranged around a central axis, like a whirl
  • They can have many planes of symmetry
  • ANY longitudinal slice from mouth to anus will produce equal halves
  • Tend to be _______________ = stay in one place throughout adult life.
  1. _______________ = Has two equal halves
  • They can only have one plane of symmetry
  • Have _______________ and _______________ ends as well as _______________ and _______________ sides
  • Tend to be _______________ which means they are active and move forward with the anterior end
  • has usually led to _______________ = the process by which sensory organs and appendages became localized in the head end of animals.

The evolutionary trend is _______________ à _______________ à ____________

 

4) Type of Coelom

A coelom is an internal body cavity that develops from the _______________ tissue layer during an animal’s development. This cavity lies between the digestive tract and the body wall, and is lined by _______________ which make up the _______________.

  1. _______________:
  • No coelom develops
  1. _______________:
  • There is a body cavity (the _______________) between the digestive tract and the body wall but it is not lined with a _______________
  1. _______________:
  • There is a body cavity between the digestive tract and the body wall that is lined with a _______________ (a “true coelom”).

The evolutionary trend is _______________ à _______________ à ____________

 

5) Segmentation:

Segmentation = the ______________________________________________ _____________________________. This can lead to specialization of body parts because various segments become differentiated for specific purposes.

The evolutionary trend is towa

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven Notes,Intro to inverts and have No Comments
06
May

Plant Quiz Question for your study sheet

Review for Global Plant Quiz

Topic One:

Photosynthesis

What is a light reaction?

What products and reactants are involved?

What is a dark reaction?

What products and reactants are involved?

Where do both reaction occur?

Do you have a venn diagram for C3 and C4 plants discussing where they live and why c3 is less efficient than C4

Topic Two: Alternation of Generations

Do you have life cycles for all five types of plants so you can discuss dominant forms (sporo or gametophyte) .

How is haploid and diploid linked to gametophyte and sporophyte?

How is alternation of generations linked to the movement on land?

What cell structure in a plant would not be linked to movement to land?

What is succession and how is it linked to movement to land?

What is the difference between a spore and a seed?

How is a gymnosperm and an angiosperm similar and different (think venn diagram)

What are examples of fruits verses roots?

Do you have a comparative table comparing plant hormones and what they do?

What are three types of trophism in plants and which hormones could be involved.

Is an apple a monocot or a dicot ( do you have a comparative table?

Could you compare plant classes in regards to defining characteristics, dominant generation, unique structures and reproductive strategies?

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Botany and have No Comments
17
Feb

History of world and pathology assignment

Biology 11 : History of Pathology Time line

There is something known as the “butterfly affect”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_effect

The premise is that one small change can have a large affect. In Biology, a simple observation can sometimes lead to a discovery that save millions of lives. How could how one event affects another? How is it that rapid changes in on pursuit of knowledge can be linked to world history.

Using the following table you are to compare World History to the history of medicine and pathology.

  • In History of Pathology and Medicine you should included :
  • You should seek out the history, pathology and epidemics linked to HIV virus and Spanish Flu, E. Coli and Staphylcoccus, and Malaria and Trypanosoma.
  • You should also include new discoveries for curing disease, and the names of those who brought forth the discovery. ( examples: Morgani, Jenner, Pasteur, Walter Reed, Dr. Don Francis, Dr. Robert Gallo, Francoise Barre-Snoussi)

In world events, you should keep track of:

  • majour wars on the planet, changes in transportation and trades, periods of renaissance, revolutions (social and industrial), changes in human transportation and changes in world economy ( examples: world disasters such as Potato famine, Panama Canal, World Wars 1 and 2, and the Industrial revolution.

You are to use: Online resources (please cite your bibliography), including “Wikipedia” and

World History Date History of Pathology and Medicine
1700

 

Comparative Questions

  1. How is the changes of movement of people linked to how diseases moved?
  2. Was the Spanish flu really from Spain?
  3. What 10 year period of time showed the greatest change both in world history and pathology?
  4. Hypothesize why this may have occurred.
  5. What three world events had the greatest affect upon pathology and medicine?
  6. What five events in the history of pathology may have had the greatest affect upon humanity?
  7. What new historical facts have changed previous ideas about any of the mentioned diseases?
  8. What world events may have limited research into a particular disease?
  9. What world events may have accelerated epidemics of a disease?
  10. What world events may have accelerate research into a disease?
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Micro Bio,Microbio,Protist and have No Comments
17
Feb

Virus, Monera and Immune System Review Sheet

Bio 11: Virus,Monera and Immune system exam review sheet

 

Topic One: Virus

 

  1. Are Viruses alive?
  2. How are viruses classified?
  3. Can you label the structures found in a T phage?
  4. Can you label the structures of an animal virus?
  5. What is the difference between a viral capsid and a viral envelope
  6. Animal viruses viral envelopes are made from what source or molecule?
  7. How is cowpox related to vaccines?
  8. Virus have how many types of “cycles”
  9. Which cycle is active and virulent
  10. Which cycle can cause cancer
  11. What is the one thing that only occurs during the lysogenic cycle for virus?
  12. How does a virus become a prophage?
  13. What is a “retrovirus” and how is it related to a process called “reverse transcription”?
  14. Viruses are now being used to replace missing DNA in Eukaryotic cells, how is this a positive or negative process to do?
  15. There was a flu shot this year and yet many people still got sick, why?

 

Immune system

  1. What structures are linked to nonspecific defenses of the body?
  2. What is an antigen and how is it related to antibodies?
  3. What cell type makes antibodies?
  4. What structures are linked to Immunity?
  5. What is a “cell mediated” response?
  6. What is a “humoral” or antibody response?
  7. Why are patients with “flus” usually not given antibiotics?
  8. What is passive immunity?
  9. What chemical can be given for flu infections?
  10. B cells differentiate to become what type of cells?
  11. T cells are linked to what type of cellular response?
  12. How does an antibody block a virus from functioning?
  13. How do you make a vaccine?
  14. Why do you get ill after getting a flu shot?
  15. How is this affect linked to primary and secondary response?
  16. What is interferon and how is it related to treatment of HIV?

 

Monera

  1. Eubacteria can be classified by what features?
  2. Some people think that all bacteria are “bad”, can you provide ten reason to debate this statement?
  3. What is the difference between “cellular respiration” and “fermentation” in bacteria?
  4. Which domain linked to Monera is said to survive without oxygen?
  5. What are the three types of shapes for eubacteria?
  6. How can a bacteria adapt to harsh climates?
  7. What is the difference between an antiseptic and a disinfectant?
  8. Why are bacteria called “prokaryotes”?
  9. What asexual process do Monera use?
  10. How could you use a diagram to describe a form of sexual reproduction in bacteria?
  11. What is “transduction” and how could it be linked to making antibodies or other protein structures from bacteria?
  12. What is the difference between forming an endospore and conjugation?
  13. If a bacteria releases a toxic chemical, what is it called?
  14. If a bacteria is able to convert inorganic material, like copper, into energy, what process is involved??
  15. What is the difference between autotroph and heterotroph?
  16. What structures do Monera have for locomotion?
  17. How is the need for oxygen related to how a bacteria can be classified?
  18. How does this type of bacteria make energy?
  19. Which antibiotic is used for gram positive bacteria?
  20. What colour are gram negative bacteria and which drug is not useful to stop them from growing?
  21. What is the difference between an antibody and a toxoid?
  22. All bacteria ( including blue green algae) used to classified as Monera, why have they now been classified as Archeo and Eu bacteria and cyanobacteria?

How to study for this exam

 

There are three main focal points.

  • Classification
  • DNA and it’s role in evolution
  • The six activities of life.

 

This exam is focusing on how two different sources of disease can enter your body and what happens.

It is also focusing on classification of a living a non living things.

It is also addressing the distinction between a viral cycle and a life cycle.

Remember that change can occur when DNA is exchanged between living things.

 

Study strategy:

Work on one section at a time.

Do not just memorize the concepts and terminology.

Imagine that you are trying to explain the content to another person who has no idea what you are talking about, simplify the content and then add on new ideas as they arise.

Remember how we linked world history to pathology

Make some flash cards from quizlet and learn to identify how terms are similar and different.

Find all types of quizzes including multiple choice, true and false, fill the blank and short answer questions.

Do not cram for this exam!

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Micro Bio and have No Comments
10
Feb

Aquarium Field Trip Day

Bio 11(16-17) L 36                                       Date Feb 10, 2017

 

 

Last lessons Objective

 

  

Exam on Virus and Immune System

 Eval
Today’s Objectives  

1.   Field trip to aquarium

2.   Treasure hunt

3.   Natural, Pathological and world history assignment.

 

  
Topic

Number One

 How to get to the Aquarium

https://www.google.ca/maps/dir//Vancouver+Aquarium,+845+Avison+Way,+Vancouver,+BC+V6G+3E2/@49.299956,-123.126462,19z/data=!4m8!4m7!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x5486718d7aca6ca7:0x5f251627980ee358!2m2!1d-123.1309293!2d49.3007961

 

 

Map for inside Aquarium

http://www.vanaqua.org/files/9514/1157/3001/VisitorMap_Brochure_140529_2.pdf

 

Bring

Rain gear, money for lunch or bring lunch

Notebook and writing gear.

 

 

  
Topic

Number Two

 Treasure Hunt at aquarium.

See hand out.

 

 

  
Topic

Number Three

 Time line assignment.

Will post in notes.

 

  
Text book Reference

 

    
You tube Reference  

 

 

 

 

  
Take Home Message ·      Germs is just a general term for a misunderstood living thing!

 
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Protist and have No Comments
07
Feb

Protist Notes

Protist:          A new bunch of organisms…

 

Some questions to ponder:

 

  1. How do these animal eat?
  2. How do they regulate water balance?
  3. How do they reproduce?
  4. What are some characteristics that can be used for classification?
  5. How are different types of protists both unique and different?
  6. What is the advantages and disadvantages of living in fresh water?
  7. What is the difference between a zooplankton and a phytoplankton?
  8. What phylums and kingdom do all these creatures belong to?

 

What is new! ( Comparing Protists to Bacteria and Virus)

  1. Protists are eukaryotes and so have
  • distinct nucleus
  • membrane bound cell organelles
  • unique flagella
  • are single celled
  • have cytoplasmic streaming

 

  1. Protist can live in a variety of environments, but are now larger so they need to regulate water balance and store and/or make food.

 

  1. Protist are more diverse in how they move, using flagellums, pseudopods and cilia and intermediate hosts.

 

  1. Some protists can change their body shape or cell membrane during their life cycle.

 

  1. Some protists can reproduce using sexual reproduction.

 

  1. Some protist, are parasitic they are called protozoans and cause diseases.

 

  1. Some protist have a silicone membranes and can glow in the dark!

 

  1. Tiny protists are the major food choice of some of the worlds largest animals.

 

General Protist Notes:

 

Where are they may found?…

  • Usually single cell creatures found in pond water
  • Over 50,000 living species
  • other locations and points of interest include:

used as a means to clean sewage

found in intestines of termites for digestion of cellulose

may be an infectious diseases such as

plasmodium…          which is malaria

trympanosoma….    which is called sleeping sickness

  • protist move in response to several stimuli. This movement is called Protist can respond both to light and chemical stimuli, positive phototropism allows organisms to be attracted to light. Negative tropism allows organisms to avoid harmful stimuli such as predators, low oxygen, lower temperatures and other possible harmful chemical or physical stimuli. This response ( to move away from a stimuli) is called an avoidance response.

 

On a historic note:

 

By jove! Forminifera (type of diatom) has hard shell which are used for dating early forms of life. Protozoans also show shell like deposits, an example is the White Cliffs of Dover in England.

 

 

Form and Function:

protists are Eukaryotes so…

 

  • usually unicellular, so no tissues yet….
  • have a nucleus with a membrane
  • can be motile
  • can be (animal like) heterotrophic or ( plant like) autotrophic
  • have complex arrary cell organelles

 

 

Classification:

Note:  All protist belong to Kingdom Protista, which has four phylums.

 

  • Mostly Autotrophs called Phytoplankton

 

  1. Phylum Euglenophyta                         example        Euglena
  • autotrophic, chlorphyll
  • no cell wall
  • move about with flagella
  • found in fresh water and soil
  • attracted to light ( positive phototropic)

 

  1. Phylum Chrysophyta: example        Diatoms
  • autotrophic, chlorophyll and yellow pigment ( golden algae)
  • silica shell in cell wall form symetric shapes
  • found in oceans
  • positive phototropism
  • silicas used in commercial product such as pool filters, silver polish and            toothpaste

 

  1. Phylum Pyrrophyta: example        Dinoflagellates
  • autotrophic, chlorophyll, have red pigment which makes “red tide”
  • heavy rigid cell wall
  • two (dino) flagella
  • found in oceans
  • some species glow in dark ( bioluminescence: phenomenon of living      things giving off light, have protein which converts chemical energy to         ight energy.

 

  • Mostly Heterotrophs called Zooplankton:

 

  1. Phylum Protozoa ( classified by how they move)
  • usually heterotrophic
  • no cell walls, usually moveable cell membrane
  • can move about or live as parasite

 

Protozoan classification

class Sarcodinia    Amoeba

class Flagellata       trympanosoma and in termites

class Ciliophora      Paramecium

class Sporozoa       parasitic

 

 

Types of Locomotion:

flagella                                   found in Euglena

pseudo pod                          found in Amoeba

(cytoplasmic streaming)

            cilia                                         found in Paramecium

 

A quick comparison of three protist: ( note highlighted vocabulary)

 

Euglena:

  1. for movement it uses a flagellum, which makes the Euglena                                                                         very fast.

 

  1. for storing genetic material it has a nucleus and a nucleolus

which regulates protein sythesis and cell                                                                      control, it is asexual in reproductive behaviour

 

  1. for energy Euglena are autotrophs and have a chlorplast,                                                                        with chlorophyll which allows for                                                                          photosythesis

 

  1. for storing energy pyrenoids and parmylum store starch which                                                               is a product of photosythesis

 

  1. for protection and water it has a pellicle which maintains shape and

balance                                            allows for diffusion across cell membrane.

 

  1. Response to stimuli Euglena are attracted to light, this is call                                                                        phototropism

 

Amoeba

  • for locomotions it has extensions of cytoplasm which are                                                                      called pseudopod ( false foot), so an                                                                                   amoeba will move very slow. Ectoplasm ( layer                                                      closest to cell membrane) is water like next to                                                                        internal gel like endoplasm

 

  • for genetic material it has only one nucleus and is asexual

 

  • for energy it has food vacuoles which digest food                                                                          with enzymes and move nutrients to

 

  • to balance water it has contractile vacuoles, in a variety                                                              of positions within cytoplasm

.

  • to maintain shape it has an inner membrane, endoplasm

and an outer membrane, ectoplasm,                                                                             these two layers are needed since it is                                                                          constantly changing shape.

 

  • stimuli amoebas are attracted to food and                                                                                 some chemicals but move away from                                                                          harmful chemicals and light. (negative                                                                     tropism)

 

Paramecium

  • for locomotion it has cilia surrounding whole body so it                                                                        moves very fast.

 

  • for genetic information there is a micronucleus to controls                                                                                sexual reproduction, ( it divides during                                                                              conjugation)and a macronucleus to                                                                         control cell functions.

 

  • for feeding it has a “mouth” called an oral groove                                                                           and a mouth pore

 

  • for digestion it has a gullet which is like a stomach,                                                                           which forms food vacuoles

 

  • for removal of food waste there is an anal pore

 

  • for water balance there is a contractile vacuole

 

  • for shape there is a distinct cell membrane, a                                                                                rigid pellicle which holds cells shape.

 

  • for stimuli there are small “spears” call trichocyst                                                                                    which serve as a form of protection or                                                                               hunting for food.

 

 

 

  1. Ways to compare Zooplankton:

 

Function or Structure Euglena Amoeba Paramecium
Locomotion

(structure)

 Flagellum Pseudopod Cilia
Speed of locomotion Moderately Fast Very Slow Very fast
Nutrition or digestion autotroph

manufactures own food with chlorphyll

 heterotroph

engulfs food at any point of cell membrane. Digests via food vacuoles

 heterotroph

uses oral groove or gullet to suck in food (cyclosis)
Respiration or gas exchange Diffusion through cell membrane Same Same
Excretion of liquids and water balance Contractile vacuole in definite position contractile vacuole may vary in position two contractile vacuoles in definite position
Excretion of solids Through reservoir Pushed through membrane at any point Has an anal pore
Excretion of gaseous wastes Diffuse through cell membrane or through contractile vacuole if dissolved in fluid same same
Reproduction asexual via binnary fission asexual by binnary fission

may form cysts

 asexual binary fission

sexual via conjugation
Shape definite shape
Behaviour responds to light, called phototrophic

 

 + to food and chemicals

– to light

 + to food and chemicals

– to trichocysts

 

 

The Amoeba

has

a nucleus

granular cytoplasm

vacuoles

semi-permeable membrane

engulfs food by using pseudopod

 

Other species

Forminifera

Radiolaria

Bacillaria

 

The Paramecium

member of class called the ciliates

has

cilia for locomotion

feeds through funnel like gullet

has 2 nuclei, reproduction through binary fission

for every single cell, 8 new ones are created

contractile vacuole controls water balance

sexual reproduction by conjugation

 

Protist are:

single cell

complex

can be in colonies ( example: Volvox..has up to 5000 cells in it

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven Notes,Protist and have No Comments
09
Jan

Online Protist Worksheet

What Are Protists?

Name: ______________________________ Date: ____________

 

In this exercise we will explore the Internet to learn about Protists, but first we need to understand where the Protists fit in the classification system.

 

Easier said than done!

 

We have a problem in taxonomy today; the classification of biological organisms is anything but cut-and-dried (or carved in stone)! A certain amount of chaos now reigns and will continue to reign until the next great synthesis occurs among biologists. This means that you can expect a certain amount of disagreement between what textbooks and the various sites on the web will tell you about classification.

 

Right now you are familiar with two current models of classification:

 

  • A living thing is either a Prokaryote or Eukaryote.
  • A living thing is in one of the following kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae or Animalia.

 

We tend to overlay the two as follows:

Prokaryote = Monera

Eukaryote = Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae.

 

But biologists have many other schemes in the works. One new classification scheme classifies all living things into three “Domains”.

 

  1. What are the names of the three domains?

 

A.

 

  1. Why are the prokaryotes divided into two different domains in this classification model?

 

A.

 

  1. How are the Archaea different from the Bacteria?

 

A.

 

 

  1. Which domain are the Protista in?

 

 

 

Some biologists have married the three domain system and the five kingdom system and come up with a six kingdom system (shown below). Note: Archaeabacteria is the old name for Archaea.

 

Image from W.H. Freeman and Sinauer Associates, used by permission

 

 

Within this system, the Protists are the most difficult kingdom to classify!

 

It is certain that Protists belong in the domain Eukarya, but what characterizes Protists? The Kingdom Protista has become a “dumping ground” for organisms that don’t fit into the other three kingdoms. They are always eukaryotes, but after that just about anything goes. Protist classification is still in such flux that many of the group names are just not worth learning. In fact, some biologists predict that it is likely the Protista will be divided into 10-12 kingdoms in the coming years!

 

  1. What are the general characteristics of Protista?

 

A.

 

 

Even though opinions vary widely, the kingdom Protista is understood to consist of three general groups. Use your textbook (pg. 401–409) and the web sites below to create a concept map overview of the Protist kingdom. The following terms should be included in your concept map:

 

http://science.kennesaw.edu/biophys/biodiversity/protista/prot.htm

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm
  • Diatoms
  • Ciliates
  • Slime Molds
  • Plant-Like Protists – Algae
  • Rhizopods
  • Sporozoans
  • Red Algae
  • Euglenoids
  • Golden Algae
  • Flagellates
  • Fungus-like Protists
  • Dinoflagellates
  • Brown Algae
  • Animal-like Protists- Protozoans
  • Green Algae

 

Concept Map of Protista

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Now that you have done the overview, let’s learn a little more about a few interesting Protists. First, a well-known representative of the Plant-like Protists:

 

Euglenoids

 

Euglena have flagella and a gullet like an animal cell. (heterotrophic injestion)

 

Euglena have chloroplasts like a plant cell (autotrophic photosynthesis)

 

And Euglena have been known to lose their chloroplasts, forcing them to absorb nutrients from their envronment (Heterotrophic absorbtion)

 

Consequently, Euglenoids arguably can be classified as animal, plant and fungus!

 

  1. Two reasons the Eugleonoids are considered to be animal-like are:

 

A.

 

 

  1. What are three ways Euglenoids can eat?

 

A.

 

 

  1. How do Euglenoids move? Does their flagella indicate the front end or the back end of a euglena?

 

A.

 

 

Euglena wants to move towards the light for photosynthesis! Q. How does Euglena orient itself so it can move towards the light? Explain in your own words.

 

A.

 

 

 

Euglenoids keep their shape because of a pellicle. Q. Define pellicle.

 

A.

 

 

 

Now let’s move on to some animal-like protists; the Protozoa

 

Ciliates

 

Ciliates are an example of animal-like Protists. They are covered with up to 17,000 cilia beating from 40 to 60 times a second in a coordinated fashion!

 

Cilia are used for locomotion. A movie of a moving paramecium!

 

The following link is a rather large site on Protista.

 

Scroll down until you find ciliates and answer the following questions:

 

  1. What is the difference between a macro- and a micro- nucleus?

 

A.

 

 

  1. How do ciliates deal with osmosis and the influx of excess water?

 

A.

 

 

  1. How do ciliates eat and excrete wastes?

 

A.

 

 

  1. What are trichocysts?

 

A.

 

 

Rhizopods

 

Another Protozoan group we shall examine is called Rhizopoda or Sarcodina.

 

 

A typical rhizopod is the ferocious predator Amoeba proteus. The interesting thing about Amoeba is that their cytoplasm can exist in two states: the liquid “sol” endoplasm and the semi-solid “gel” ectoplasm. The two consistencies work together to help the Amoeba move and feed.

 

So how do they move?

 

A quick link explaining how they move.

 

  1. What is a pseudopod?

 

A.

 

 

 

  1. How does an Amoeba survive harsh environmental conditions?

 

A.

 

The Amoeba seems like a harmless little guy, but some species are downright nasty!

 

  1. What are the symptoms of amoebic dysentery?

 

A.

 

Just for fun, check out the Amoeba Dance site.

 

Sporozoans

 

Finally, let’s take a look at a not-so-nice group of Protozoans – the Sporozoans. These parasitic organisms cannot move on their own because they do not need to! They are passed from host to host in a constant disease cycle.

 

  1. Scroll down to the section on Sporozoans. Name two human diseases caused by Sporozoans:

 

A.

 

 

  1. A Sporozoan has a different life cycle from the disease-causing Amoeba you saw earlier. What is the major difference in life cycles?

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Micro Bio and have No Comments
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