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19
May

Bio 11 Fish Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Aquatic Vertebrates – Fishes

 

  1. Class Agnatha – Jawless Fishes
  • a = “­­­­­­­­­­__________” + gnatha = “__________”
  • include: _______________ and ________________
  • origins: appeared about ________­­­­­ mya
  • have a _________ but no backbone
  • other features which they do not have:
  • no _______________, no __________ (so they cannot bite or chew), and no _______________

 

  1. Hagfish (aka: ___________________)
  • protect themselves with __________
  • lifestyle: ______________________________ ____________________
  • feed by _______________________________

 

  1. Lampreys
  • lifestyle: ______________________________
  • feed with circular ____________________________ with rows of _________________________

 

 

  1. Class Osteichthyes – Bony Fishes
  • osteo = “__________” + ichthyes = “__________”
  • largest group of vertebrates, includes _____________________________
  • evolved from _______________ about _____ mya
  • have ____________________ so they can bite food
  • have a backbone and skeleton made of __________
  • have paired ______________________________
  • 2 groups of bony fish:
  1. a) ray-finned fish
    • more than half of all vertebrates
    • includes: __________________________
  • fins are __________________________

 

  1. b)   lobe-finned fish
  • includes _________________________
  • fins are _________________________, supported by a central core of _________
    • probable ancestors of __________
  1. Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilagenous Fishes
  • chondros = “__________________” + ichthys = “_________”
  • include __________________________________
  • evolved from _______________ about _____ mya
  • have ____________________ so they can bite food
  • have a backbone and skeleton made of _______________ (not bone)
  • have paired _______________________________________________
  • skin is very rough – covered with toothlike __________ – has been used as sandpaper
  • lifestyle: most are __________

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adaptations of Fish

 

  1. Heart and Circulation
  • ­­­­­­­­­fish have a _____________________ circulatory system
  • the heart has _______ chambers (one __________ and one _______________)
  • blood is pumped from the __________ to the __________, where it absorbs __________, and releases ____________________
  • clean oxygenated blood flows to the __________ __________, were it delivers ___________, picks up __________ then returns to the __________
  • in a single-loop system blood pressure has to be ________________ in order to get blood through 2 capillary beds

 

 

  1. Swim Bladder
  • looks and functions like a _______________ filled with gas (oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen).
  • Fish can add or remove gas from the bladder
  • helps the fish maintain _______________ and adjust depth easily


  1. Respiration
  • fish obtain oxygen through ____________________ made of thousands of filaments
  • the gills are covered with an ____________ which protects the gills
  • fish “swallow” water which passes through the ________ to exit the body
  • as the water passes over the gills, oxygen diffuses from ________ into __________, and metabolic wastes diffuse from _____ into ________ and exit the body

 

 

  1. Kidneys
  • main function is to ____________________________________________ in the body
  • also function to __________________________________
  • saltwater fish
  • their tissues are _______________ than surrounding water
  • they tend to __________ water (problem of “drying out”)
  • so they drink lots of water and excrete excess salt through __________
  • the kidneys excrete wastes in the form of __________ (like ours)
  • these fish produce _______________ urine
  • freshwater fish
  • their tissues are __________ than surrounding water
  • they tend to __________ water
  • their kidneys excrete wastes in the form of __________ which is toxic, so it is flushed out with lots of water
  • these fish produce large amounts of very __________ urine

 

 

  1. Body Covering
  • they are covered with __________, which function in _______________ but do not prevent water loss

 

 

  1. Senses

– the ___________________is a sense that allows fish to detect movement and vibration in surrounding waters.

– members of class Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and skates) have __________________ that allow them to detect electrical fields produced by living organisms.

 

 

  1. Reproduction
  • fertilization usually external (called “_______________”)

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Chordata and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Amphibian Gap Notes

Biology 11

 

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

 

Class Amphibia – Living in Two Worlds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Class Amphibia – Amphibians

  • amphi = “__________” + bios = “_____”
  • origins: first _______________ to live on land
  • evolved from ___________________________________about _____ mya
  • include ___________________________________________________

 

Have 2 Life Stages:

  • a __________ which undergoes ______________ to become an ________

 

 

 

 

 


Adaptations of Amphibians to Land

 

 

  1. Skeleton
  • most adult amphibians have strong __________ and _____ adapted for ___________________ (hopping or crawling)

 

  1. Body Covering
  • skin is ____________________ with no __________
  • function of skin: __________ – many amphibians have ______________ on their skin
  • also functions in ____________________ – since __________ and _______ pass through easily
  • amphibians in water have the problem of ____________________________
  • amphibians on land have the problem of _____________________________

 

III. Respiration

  • tadpole respiration through _____
  • adult amphibian respiration 90% through _____
Capillaries in _____ and _____
  • lungs are _____________________________ (some salamanders have no lungs)

 

  1. Heart and Circulation
  • tadpole heart has _____ chambers – like that of a _______
  • adult amphibians have ___ chambers: separate left and right ______, but only 1 __________.
  • tadpole has _____ loop, like a _____
  • adult has _____ circulatory loops: the __________ loop and the __________ loop.
  • in pulmonary loop: deoxygenated blood goes to _____ and/or _____, where it picks up _________, and releases ______________, then it goes back to the _________ where it partially mixes with deoxygenated blood from __________
  • systemic loop: mixed blood sent to _________ ______________
Capillaries in _____

  1. Kidneys and Excretion
  2. Tadpoles and aquatic adults:
  • similar to _________________________
  • primary function of kidneys is ___________________
  • kidney produces __________ which is toxic and requires lots of water
  • amphibians produce _______________ of urine
  1. Terrestrial adults:
  • kidneys conserve water by producing ______ instead of ammonia – less toxic
  • urine more _______________
  • produce _____ urine

 

  1. Reproduction
  • must return to the water to reproduce
  • fertilization may be
  • __________ (spawning) – ______ and ______ released into water (frogs and toads)
  • __________ (salamanders and newts)
  • eggs are not waterproof – must be laid in __________ or in ________________ ___________
  • eggs are coated with a clear jelly that functions to keep them __________ and protects them from _______________
  • zygote develops into an aquatic __________, which undergoes _______________ into a terrestrial __________.

 

 

VII. Unique Adaptations

  • Frogs and Toads have a __________ that functions to ______________________ (no similar structure in fish)

 

 

Did You Know?

Poison dart frogs excrete alkaloid toxins through their skin that are poisonous to would-be predators. However, the frogs do not synthesize their own poisons. The frogs obtain the toxins from animals that they eat, such as ants and mites, and then store the toxins in their skin glands. Because of this, captive bred poison dart frogs do not contain significant levels of toxin.      

 

 

 

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posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Chordata and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Chordata Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Phylum Chordata

 

Human beings belong to a group of animals that all have backbones or ____________. This group is called the ____________, and is a “subphylum” of the phylum _________.

 

 

Classification of Chordates

There are 3 subphyla in phylum Chordata

  1. ____________________ (uro = “__________”)
  2. ____________________ (cephalo = “__________”)
  3. ____________________ (vertes = “__________”)

 

The first two phyla of invertebrate chordates represent an evolutionary transition between ______________ and ______________

 

 

Four Characteristics of Chordates:

All animals in Phylum Chordata have these 4 characteristics at some point in their lives:

 

  1. Most chordates have a ________________
    • the backbone evolved from the _______________ – a stiff flexible rod made of cartilage that runs along the back
    • ALL chordates have a notochord at some point during their development
    • in _______________ the notochord becomes the ________________
    • benefits of a notochord/backbone: muscles can attach to the notochord, allowing chordates to

 

  1. All chordates have a ____________________
    • the nerve cord runs parallel to the _______________
    • in vertebrates this is surrounded and protected by the __________ (segments of the backbone)
    • at the ___________ end it is enlarged to form the __________

 

  1. Chordates have _____________ gills
    • (pharynx = “____________”)
    • aka: ________________ (branchial = “_______”)
    • gills are used for _______________ and ______________
    • gills are supported by _____________ made of _______________
    • in embryos, gills start out as pouches in the pharynx. All ____________ have pharyngeal gill pouches at some point during their development
    • in chordates that breath water, the gill pouches become _____________ supported by__________
    • in chordates that breath air (for example _______________), the gill pouches develop into organs such as __________, and the gill arches become structures such as _______________ and ________________ (voicebox)

 

  1. All chordates have a ____________________
    • the _____________________________ extend into the tail, which allows the tail to be used for ____________
    • found at some point during development in all _____________

 

 

Evolutionary Origins of Chordates:

 

The invertebrate phylum most closely related to the chordates is _________________

  • Both phyla belong to a group of animals called __________________ (deutero = “_____________” and stome = “___________”)
  • All other invertebrates belong to a group called __________________   (proto = “_____________”)
  • The feature that Chordates and Echinoderms share is how and when their ______________ forms during embryonic development______ __________________________________

 

 

                      Protostomes                      Deuterostomes

time

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The 2 Invertebrate Chordate Phyla

 

  1. Characteristics of Urochordatata (sea squirts or tunicates)
  • lifestyle: ________________________________________
  • covered by a “tunic” (tunic = “__________”)
  • has a _____________ but no ________________
  • larva has ____________________________
  • only chordate characteristic in the adult is _____________________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Characteristics of Cephalochordata (lancelets)
  • lifestyle: _______________________________
  • retain all 4 chordate characteristics throughout life

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Characteristics of Vertebrata (animals with backbones)
  • in all vertebrates (except the hagfish) the notochord is replaced with a backbone made of ________________ ( = ___________________________________)
  • the ___________________ is surrounded and protected by the __________
  • Vertebrates also have:
    • a complex ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­_______________ and a large _______________ protected by a ________________
    • an endoskeleton with ________________ and one or two pairs of ________________
    • complex ________________
    • special ________________ (eg: skin, scales)

 

 

Vertebrate Classes

There are 7 ____________ of vertebrates

  1. Agnatha – ______________________
  2. Chondrichthyes – ______________________ (sharks)
  3. Osteichthyes – ____________________
  4. Amphibia – _____________________
  5. Reptilia – __________________
  6. Aves – ______________
  7. Mammalia – ___________________

 

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Chordata and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Echinodermata Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ____________ __________________ Date: ________________ Block: _____________

 

 

Phylum Echinodermata (Greek: echinos = “spiny”, derma = “skin”)

Pages 340-341

 

I Background:

 

  • The Phylum Echinodermata includes 6 Subphyla that include a total of 18 Classes. Some of these Subphyla and Classes include:
    • Subphylum: _____________________________________ (Includes 4 Classes)
    • Subphylum: _____________________________________ (Includes 3 Classes)
      • *Class: ___________________________________- Sea Lilies and Feather-Stars*
      • Etc.
    • Subphylum: _____________________________________ (Includes 2 Classes)
      • *Class: ___________________________________ – Brittle Stars*
      • *Class: ____________________________________– Sea Stars *
      • Etc.
  • Subphylum: _____________________________________ (Includes 6 Classes)
      • *Class: ____________________________________ – Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars*
      • *Class: ____________________________________ – Sea Cucumbers*
      • Etc.
    • Subphylum: _____________________________________ (Includes 1 Class) (ALL EXTINCT!!!)
      • Etc.
  • Subphylum: _____________________________________ (Includes 2 Classes) (ALL EXTINCT!!!)

 

  • Echinoderms are completely _____________________ and only live on the bottom of the ocean floor

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The development of Echinoderms after the egg stage is so similar to that

of the Chordata, as well as being unique to only those two Phyla that it is believed that the Chordates (Vertebrates) and the Echinoderms share a common ancestor!!!

 

II Body Plan/Structure:

 

  • Echinoderms demonstrate a _____________________________ symmetrical body plan (Though it is strongly believed that they evolved from a bilaterally symmetrical ancestor, WEIRD!!!)
  • Most members of the Phyla are ____________________________ with _____________ similar body segments arrayed around a central core
  • They contain the three true germ layers:
    • ________________________________
    • ________________________________
    • ________________________________
  • All Echinoderms possess a true ______________________________________ made of _____________________________________________ that is covered with a layer of __________________________________
  • The Echinoderms possess a _________________________________________________
    • This is a system of fluid-filled _____________ that acts like a hydraulic pressure system
    • The system is used for ______________________________, _____________________ and ______________________________
    • Water is drawn into the water vascular system through a structure called a _______________________________.
    • The water travels down a structure called a _______________________________ until it reaches the circular ___________________________ that encircles the central core
    • The water is passed down to each _____________ through the _____________________________ where it enters the _____________________________ (Small bulbs)
    • The _______________________________ are connected to little sucker-like feet called ___________________
    • The ____________________ and the ______________________ are called ___________________________________

                                     

III. Feeding:

 

  • There are many forms of feeding among the Echinoderms from carnivores to filter feeders
  • Most echinoderms have a very ________________________ digestive system
  • There is a __________________ that is connected to a ______________________ that is connected to an ________________
  • The stomach extends into each arm where digestive juices are released to digest the food

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Sea Stars can be deadly carnivores. They will mount their prey

(usually an unsuspecting Bivalve) and wrap their arms around it until the opening of the Bivalve is facing the mouth of the Sea Star. From here the Sea Star pulls the Bivalve open using its sticky tube feet and powerful arms. It then everts its stomach into the Bivalve and digests the Bivalve inside its own protective shell. The Sea Star then pulls its stomach back inside to digest the organic material!!!

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Sea Urchins scrape food off of hard surfaces using a special structure

called Aristotle’s Lantern. Who knows, if you study hard and become a famous Philosopher and Biologist you could name an anatomical structure after yourself too!!!

 

  1. Respiration:

 

  • The thin-walled ________________ allow for simple _____________________ to occur
  • Some Echinoderms contain special __________ on their epidermis that aid in respiration
  • NOTE: There are always exceptions to the rules and there are some Echinoderms such as the Sea Cucumbers that have more advanced respiration systems

 

  1. Internal Transport:

 

  • The Water Vascular System is responsible for transporting ________________, _____________________and _____________________ throughout the body

 

  1. Excretion:

 

  • Undigested food is released out of the _______________
  • The Water Vascular System is again used to release metabolic wastes into the surroundings
  • The Wastes are released from the _________________

 

 

VII. Response:

 

  • Echinoderms have a central _________________ that surrounds the stomach
  • The central nerve ring connects to _____________________________ that extend into and control each arm
  • In general Echinoderms have a very ___________________ nervous system
  • They can generally only respond to:
    • ___________________________ – Use special structures found all over the body on the epidermis
    • ___________________ – Some have very very simple _______________ on the tips of their arms
  • The Echinoderms have some very interesting defence mechanisms
    • Sea Stars have ____________________________on their back side which act like pinchers and keep organisms off of them
    • Sea Cucumbers, when threatened will expel their ____________________________ in hopes of deterring their predator

 

VIII. Movement:

 

  • Echinoderms are either ____________________ or very slow moving
  • They use their Water Vascular System to pump water in and out of their _____________________ to crawl along the ground

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The ferocious Sunflower Star is by far the fastest moving Echinoderm

and can move at speeds up to 1 meter per minute!!!

 

  1. Reproduction:

 

  • The Echinoderms have separate _____________ and _________________ organisms
  • The _________________ of most Echinoderms take up the entire coelom
  • The __________ and _________________ produced by the gonads are simply released into the water by both sexes
  • Once the egg has been fertilized it matures into a _________________________ symmetrical larvae which eventually matures into the adult
  • Echinoderms also have the ability to ___________________________ body parts after they have been damaged or removed

 

  1. Ecological Roles:

 

  • Echinoderms are incredibly important in terms of ecological importance
  • Many of its members help recycle nutrients by feeding on decaying matter
  • Others help control the populations of the prey they feed on such as Bivalve population
  • They have also proven to be devastating to populations because if the Echinoderm populations are not themselves controlled they have a tendency to overeat and destroy

 

 

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Echinodermatat and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Arthropoda Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: _________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

 

Phylum Arthropoda

(Greek: arthros = “joint”, podos = “foot”)

Pages 334-338

 

I Background:

  • The Phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum of all animals, with over a million described species.
  • Arthropoda is divided into 5 Subphyla that include a total of 19 Classes. Some of these Subphyla and Classes include:
    • Subphylum: _______________ (Includes 1 Class)
      • Class: _______________ – Includes only the Trilobites, which are extint
    • Subphylum: _______________ (Includes 4 Classes)
      • Class: _______________ – Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks, Mites etc.
    • Subphylum: _______________ (Includes 4 Classes)
      • Class: _______________– Centipedes
      • Class: _______________ – Millipedes
    • Subphylum: _______________ (Includes 4 Classes)
      • Class: _______________ – Insects – this is the largest of the Arthropod Classes, with more than half of all known living species
    • Subphylum: _______________ (Includes 6 Classes)
      • Class: _______________ – Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimp, Crayfish etc.
      • Class: _______________ – Barnacles

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: At least half of the described species of living animals are Arthropods (mostly insects), but arthropods are less common as fossils. The most familiar group of fossil Arthropods is undoubtedly the trilobites!!!


II Body Plan/Structure:

  • Arthropods have _______________ symmetry
  • They have the three true germ layers:
    • _______________
    • _______________
    • _______________

 

  • Defining characteristics       of all Arthropods:
  1. The division of the body into _______________ body segments:
  2. The _______________ containing
  • _______________ organs
  • _______________ (including pinchers)
  1. The _______________ containing
  • Walking _______________
  • _______________ if present
  1. The _______________ containing
  • _______________ organs
  • _______________ in Crustaceans
  • _______________ in Arachnids
  • Note: The head and thorax of some Arthropods (such as the Arachnids) have fused to become a _______________

 

  1. Arthropods have an _______________ made of _______________
  • Benefits of the exoskeleton include:
    • _______________
    • prevent _______________ (drying out)
    • provide _______________for muscles
  • Drawbacks of the exoskeleton: In order to grow, Arthropods have to undergo _______________ in which they shed the old exoskeleton and grow a new, larger exoskeleton.

 

  1. Arthropods have _______________ appendages adapted for :
  • _______________
  • _______________
  • _______________
  • _______________

III. Feeding

  • Arthropods have a _______________digestive system, with a _____________in the head, and an _______________ at the end of the abdomen.
  • Due to the incredible diversity of the Arthropods there are many different types of feeders ranging from herbivores to scavengers to carnivores.
  • The Arthropod mouth is made up of two or more _______________ (modified segments) adapted for the kind of food eaten.
  • Examples of some of these mouth parts:
    • _______________ in the Class Insecta
    • _______________ in the Arachnida

 

  1. Respiration
  • There are three major forms of respiratory systems in Arthropoda:
  1. _______________ Aquatic Arthropods, such as the Class _______________, have gills for respiration under water
  2. _______________ Book lungs can be found in the Class Arachnida. Book lungs are made up of stacks of alternating _______________and _______________ tissues, which resemble a closed book. They are connected to the outside world by small openings called _______________.
  3. A _______________: Terrestrial Arthropods such as the Class Insecta have a tracheal system consisting of _______________ and _______________. The _______________ are small openings in the exoskeleton that can be opened and closed to allow gas exchange.
  • Once oxygen has entered the _______________ it travels along the many _______________ to all of the body tissues.

 

  1. Internal Transport
  • Arthropods have an _______________ made up of a large internal cavity called a _______________ that is filled with _______________ (Arthropod blood)
  • Arthropod blood is used to transport nutrients to the tissues
  • Arthropods also have a series of _______________ that run along the _______________ side
  • The hearts pump _______________ from the abdomen to the head through the single Arthropod blood vessel called the _______________
  • Once the _______________ enters the _______________ it leaves the aorta and moves into the spaces between the tissues (hemocoel).
  • It then flows back to wash over the _______________ organs
  1. Excretion:
  • Insects (and some other Arthropods) have special organs called _______________ located around the stomach
  • These _______________ collect metabolic wastes from the hemocyanin and transport them into the _______________ where they mix with undigested food
  • The wastes are released from the _______________

 

VII. Response:

  • The Arthropods have a fairly large _______________in their head
  • The brain controls the rest of the body by sending signals down a large _______________
  • Arthropods have many specialized organs used for sensing and responding to their surroundings
    • _______________
  • are used to sense and respond to _______________ as well as _______________ and _______________
    • _______________:
  • Insects and Crustaceans have _______________
  • Unlike our human eyes, compound eyes are made up of thousands of individual units that each provide a _______________of light to the brain
  • The brain then interprets the array of dots of light as an image (much like the pixals of an electronic image)
  • The compound eye cannot focus so the image is usually blurry and the eyes are mostly used to detect _______________
    • The _______________ of some Arthropods (such as the Crustaceans) are able to detect differences in chemicals and allow them to _______________and _______________
    • _______________ – Some Arthropods (such as Crustaceans and the Insects) contain special structures called _______________at the base of their antennae that give them a sense of balance
    • _______________ – Some Arthropods have a membrane found on either side of the _______________ that detects sound vibrations.

 

 

 

 

VIII Movement

  • There are many forms of movement seen in the Arthropods ranging from the segmental movement seen in Millipedes to the ability to fly seen in some of the Insects and to the ability to swim seen in some Crustaceans
  • Due to the rigid _______________ Arthropods must have _______________ in order to move. This is how they have received their name Arthropoda, “Jointed Feet”
  • Most Arthropods contain many more _______________ than humans that help them perform all of their intricate movements

 

IX Reproduction

  • Arthropods are either _______________ or _______________ but not _______________
  • In Insects the male fertilizes the female by releasing sperm into the female’s sperm _______________
  • The fertilized egg is released from the female through an _______________ near the anus
  • Insects have several life stages:
  1. The _______________
  • Released from the ovipositor
  • Contains the embryo
  1. The young insect, which may be either
    • a _______________ – a young insect which more or less resembles the adult.
    • or a _______________– a young insect that doesn’t resemble the adult form
    • Larvae have a pupal stage during which they undergo _______________ in order to turn into adults. (Nymphs do not have a pupal stage and do not undergo metmorphosis)
  2. The _______________ The pupa is a nonfeeding stage following the larval stage. An example is the cocoon
  3. The _______________

 

 

 

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Arthropoda,Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Mollusca Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ______________ __________________ Date: ________________ Block: ____________

 

 

Phylum Mollusca (Latin: mollis = “soft”)

Pages 329-334

 

I Background:

 

  • 10 Classes, 8 of which are still alive today, 2 are just fossils (we will only look at 3 of the Classes):

 

  • ~250000 estimated species
  • Most Molluscs are marine but some are freshwater and others are terrestrial like the common snail and slug
  • The Phylum Mollusca demonstrate incredible diversity from the clam to the giant squid

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The Molluscs are the second largest Phylum (abundance of species) next

to the Phylum Arthropoda!!!

 

II Body Plan/Structure: (General Characteristics of all Molluscs)

 

  • Molluscs demonstrate a ____________________________ symmetrical body plan
  • They have the three true germ layers:
    • __________________________
    • __________________________
    • __________________________
  • They have true coeloms
    1. The coelom has been reduced to a special body cavity that just surrounds the organs.       This cavity is called a _______________________ and contains a special type of blood called ____________________________. Since the __________________________________ is not found in __________________________________ of any kind it is considered an _______________________________________________________________
  • The Molluscs all have a true ___________________________________ with a _______________, ________________________ and _______________
  • The following features are common to all Molluscs:
    1. A muscular ___________________:   The foot is used for locomotion
    2. A ____________________: The shell is largely consisting of ____________________________________. Some Molluscs have very reduced _______________, and others, like slugs have lost their ___________ all together
    3. A ____________________: This is a fold of outer skin which lines the ____________________ and covers the rest of the body
    4. A ________________________________: The internal organs including the gut, kidneys, heart(s), and reproductive organs
    5. _________________:       These are specialized organs used for respiration (and sometimes feeding).
    6. A ___________________: This is a unique to the Phylum Mollusca and is a rasping “______________________” organ with hard ______________. It is very different in all of the Molluscs and serves many functions from __________________ algae off rocks as in the Gastropods, to a _______________________________ as in the Cephalopods

 

Class Bivalvia (Greek: bi = “two”, valvia = “shells”)

Pages 330 & 332

  1. Background

 

  • Includes many hard shelled creatures including Clams, Oysters, Mussels, Scallops etc.
  • ~ 8000 species

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The giant clam, Tridacna gigas, is the largest Bivalve in the world. Some

have been measured to weigh up to 227 kg (~500 pounds), as much as 1.2 m across

(~4 feet) and have an average lifespan of ~100 years!!!

 

  1. Body Plan/Structure

 

  • All Bivalves have a ____________ that is divided into two halves called_____________
  • The two _______________ are connected at one edge by a strong _________________________ that holds the two valves _______________
  • There are one or two _____________________________________ that connect the two __________________ together and when they are contracted the two valves come _____________________, closing the Bivalve
  • In Bivalves the __________________ takes on the form of a thin _______________________ that surrounds the body just underneath the shell. The mantle is responsible for creating the ________________.
  • In some bivalves the part of the ___________________ that is exposed to the outside of the body has _______________ to form two __________________ used for filter feeding
  • Often there is a large ____________________________ which is where _____________ can be found
  • The _______________ are used for respiration and feeding
  • Bivalves do have a ________________, but it has been laterally flattened
  • They do not have a ________________
  • Bivalves lack a head even though they demonstrate __________________ symmetry, and in fact, do not have a ________________
  • They have an _____________________________________________ which means that the “blood” just bathes the organs and is not contained within ____________________________

 

III. Feeding:

 

  • Bivalves are _____________________________
  • Water circulates through the ________________________________ where microscopic food particles are trapped by the ________________
  • The gills are ______________________ and the _______________ move the food towards the _____________ where it is taken into the _______________________
  • The food is digested in the _____________________ and then passed out through the _____________ into the _____________________________
  • Some Bivalves live buried in the sand and have evolved to have two ________________
  • In this case one siphon ______________________________ and food is filtered out by the ______________
  • Once the water has passed over the gills the Bivalve contracts its ____________________________________ and the water (along with waste from the anus) is passed out of the Bivalve from the other siphon

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The Geoduck (pronounced gooey-duck) is one of the longest living

organisms in the animal kingdom and can live up to 160 years. Scientists believe this is because of their feeding mechanism. They burrow very deep into the sand and send their long siphons to the surface of the sand to collect water and food. This process not only protects them from predators but also helps prevent the wear and tear of having to move!!!

  1. Respiration:

 

  • Respiration occurs in the same way that feeding does
  • Water is taken into the ____________________________ (can be through a siphon) and passes over the _________________
  • ______________________ is taken into the ______________ from the water and _________________________________ is released from the __________ into the water

 

  1. Internal Transport:

 

  • Bivalves have an _____________________________________________
  • This means that they do not have any _________________________ which would store the “blood”
  • Instead the “blood” (called ________________________) bathes the organs
  • As oxygen and food particles are taken up by the ________________ they are passed into the _________________________ which acts to transport the ___________________ and _____________________ to the rest of the body
  • A _______________ pumps the ______________________ to ensure that circulation occurs (even if it is not through blood vessels)

 

  1. Excretion:

 

  • Most of the waste material exits the anus and is then released out of the Bivalve through the __________________________ (or siphon if present)

 

VII. Response:

 

  • Though Bivalves demonstrate ____________________symmetry they lack a _________
  • Instead they have ______________________________ of very simple ______________________ which control the ______________ and ____________________________________
  • Though having such simple _________________________________________ (especially compared to other Molluscs), Bivalves can still sense and respond to the senses of:
    1. ____________________
    2. ____________________
    3. ____________________
    4. ____________________

 

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The Scallops have one of the most complex sensory organs of all of the

Bivalves. They have hundreds of eyes on the fringe of the mantle that have lenses and retinas, however, as complex as these eyes are they can still only detect light or dark!!!

 

VIII. Movement:

 

  • Bivalves are ______________________, but do have the ability to move
  • Most often Bivalves use their muscular _____________ for movement
  • The muscular ________________ is used to help the Bivalve ______________________ into the sand or move along the bottom of the ocean
  • Other Bivalves such as Cockles have an extremely muscular ____________ which allows them to quickly “leap” from danger
  • Razor shells use their ____________ to burrow extremely fast into the sand
  • Another form of movement is only seen in the Scallops. They use their incredibly strong _____________________________________ to rapidly open and close their valves to actually swim away from predators

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The scallops that we eat at restaurants are actually the adductor

muscles of the organism called a Scallop. The reason that these muscles are so large in Scallops is because they use them to forcefully open and close their valves allowing them to actually swim away from their predators!!!

 

  1. Reproduction:

 

  • Most Bivalves species contain both _____________ and ____________________ forms that are separate from each other, though some hermaphroditic species do exist
  • Most often sexual reproduction occurs by ______________________________________ where ______________ is released by the ______________ into the water and _____________ are released by the _________________ into the water
  • The fertilized egg will become a _______________________________ that will grow to become the adult Bivalve

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Ecological Roles:

 

  • There are numerous ecological roles that Bivalves fill
  • Many Bivalves are food for thousands of different species of animals (including us)
  • They help to recycle sediment back into the environment
  • They help to filter the water
  • One major harmful ecological role that Bivalves play involves pollution. Since they are filter feeders much of the pollution that they filter feed becomes trapped in their tissues. When other organisms feed on those toxic Bivalves they often become sick and die.

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Mussels produce an incredibly strong “superglue” that helps them cling to

surfaces during rough seas. This “superglue” is called byssus. Researchers have discovered the gene that Mussels use to create byssus and have since been able to produce the material using genetically modified yeast cells. This is a great leap in scientific research as byssus could be used for many things including dentistry, medicine and industry.

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Mollusca and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Annelida Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ________________ __________________ Date: ________________ Block: __________

 

Phylum Annelida (Latin: anellus = “little ring”)

The “Segmented” worms

Pages 323-327

 

  1. Background:

 

  • 2 Major Classes: (Really there are 4 classes)
  • Though there are truly 4 classes of Annelids we will only look at 2 of the classes, and 2 of the sublclasses found within the Phylum Annelida

 

    1. Class ________________________: (Means “Many Bristles”)
    2. Class ________________________:
      • Subclass ________________________________: The Earthworms (Means “Few Bristles”)
      • Subclass ________________________________: The Leeches

 

  • ~15000 known species
  • The Annelids live in many diverse environments including freshwater, marine and terrestrial
  • Some Annelids can form symbiotic relationships including parasitic Annelids and mutualistic Annelids

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The giant Australian Earthworm can grow to be up to 3 meters in length

 

  1. Body Plan/Structure: (Based on the Earthworm Body Plan)

 

  • The Annelids demonstrate a ____________________________ symmetrical body plan
  • They have the three true germ layers:
    • ____________________________
    • ____________________________
    • ____________________________
  • Just underneath the _____________________ lays a _____________________ which helps stop the Annelids from ______________________________ in terrestrial habitats
  • Annelids have a true _________________________ with a _______________ and ______________ connected by ______________________________
  • The mouth is controlled by a muscular _________________________and is connected to the ___________________________ by an ____________________________
  • After the ___________________________ is a sac-like part of the intestines called a _________________
  • Just after the ____________________ is the _________________ which aids in digestion
  • Annelids have large ___________________ on the ___________________ side of the their anterior end which acts as a primitive brain
  • The _______________________are connected to a ________________________ which runs down the ________________________ side of the body
  • Annelids are the first organisms we will look at that possess a true __________________ that is lined with ___________________________
  • The Annelids have both _____________________ and ____________________ muscles
  • Annelids are the first group of organisms that we will look at which have a ________________________________________________. Their circulatory system is made up of two _______________________________ which run along the length of the body on the ________________and __________________ sides. There are also a series of “______________” in the _____________________ end which pump the blood through the circulatory system.       These “hearts” are called the ________________________.
  • Annelids are ____________________________ and contain both male and female reproductive organs.
  • These organs are found just anterior to a special structure called a ______________________ which is a swollen segment near the _______________ end of their body.
  • They are also the first organisms we will study that demonstrate true ___________________________:
    • Each segment of the Annelid worms contains similar structures to the next segment
    • Each segment is called a _______________________ and is separated from the next by a ______________________(plural = ________________). This is formed from of a double layer of __________________________
    • Annelid worms contain little bristles on their exterior called _________________ which aid in locomotion. The setae can be found in four pairs per segment and are made out of ___________________
    • Each segment of an Annelid contains a pair of _____________________ which are used for excretion
    • Each segment of Annelids have a _________________muscle which lays just beneath the ______________________

 

 

III. Feeding:

 

  • The Annelids are very diverse in the way that they feed.
  • Some are __________________________ and live off of theirs host’s blood such as the leeches (Hirudinea)
  • Others are __________________________ and hunt their prey such as the marine Polychaetes
  • Other Polychaetes such as the Christmas tree worms, the fan worms and other tube worms are ______________________________________
  • We will focus on the Earthworm (Oligochaeta) feeding:
    • Most Earthworms are called ____________________________ which means that they eat decomposing organic matter
    • As Earthworms travel through the dirt they suck the dirt into their mouth using their muscular _________________________
    • The Earthworm sends the dirt through the ________________________ and into the _________________ by muscle contractions
    • The dirt is stored in the ______________ until the worm is ready for digestion
    • Using muscle contractions the dirt moves into the ___________________________ which acts much like a _______________________________
    • The ___________________ mechanically digests the dirt and organic material by mixing it. The sand in the dirt aids to grind the organic material into small pieces
    • The organic material and dirt continues along the ___________________ by muscle contractions
    • As it travels through the intestines the organic material is absorbed into the ______________ in the _______________ and ________________ blood vessels
    • The remaining inorganic dirt travels through the ___________________ to the __________________

 

  1. Respiration:

 

  • Again, we will focus on the Earthworm for respiration
  • The circulatory system of Earthworms contains _______________________ which contains ___________________________.
  • ______________________ is taken into the Earthworm directly through the ______________________ by the process of _____________________
  • The oxygen enters the blood and is held by the _________________________ in the __________________ which carries the oxygen to the body cells of the Earthworm
  • _____________________________ exits the circulatory system directly through the ectoderm and into the Earthworm’s surroundings by the process of __________________

 

  1. Internal Transport:

 

  • All Annelids have _______________ circulatory systems which contain ______________ which in turn contains ___________________________
  • The _________________________ in the blood gives the blood its red colour
  • The haemoglobin in the blood transports __________________ throughout the Annelid
  • The circulatory system of Annelids is made up of the ______________________________ which are a series of muscular “______________” in their __________________ end, and a _______________ of blood vessels which run along the _______________ and ___________________sides of the worm
  • The _______________________________ pump the blood through the ________________ blood vessel and collect blood from the _____________blood vessel
  • The blood vessels branch into ________________________________that are found along the _____________________ and the ______________________
  • These capillary beds are sites of ________________________, both for __________________________ at the ectoderm and ______________/___________ exchange at intestine
  • The blood transports ____________ , ____________________ and ________________ throughout the Annelid body

 

  1. Excretion:

 

  • One form of excretion in Earthworms is directly out of the _______________
  • Undigested inorganic and organic food particles are expelled out of the anus
  • These mishmashes of inorganic and organic material are called _____________________
  • Another form of excretion in Earthworms uses structures found in every segment called ______________________:
    • There are two _________________ in each segment and they have two openings:       the first opening opens into the _________________ cavity of one segement, then the ___________________ pass through the __________________ into the next ______________________ segment where they open into the surroundings of the Earthworm
    • Wastes are excreted by the body cells, circulatory system and intestines into the ______________________ cavity
    • The _____________________ collect the waste material from the ______________________ cavity of one segment and transport it out of the earthworm in the next _______________________ segment.

 

 

VII. Response:

 

  • Earthworms are able to sense and respond to the following stimuli:
    • ____________________
    • ____________________
    • ____________________
  • Most of the Earthworm’s sensory organs are found in the ______________________ end
  • Once they have sensed stimuli the ________________________ interpret the information and send the information along the ventral ________________________ to control the response and movement of the segments
  • As the nerve cords enter each segment they bulge to form individual ______________________ in each segment
  • These _______________________ allow each individual segment to respond quickly

 

VIII. Movement:

 

  • Earthworms move by a process known as _______________________:
    • Earthworms are unique in that they are made of individual segments that act together in unison
    • Earthworms have both _____________________________ muscles which run down the entire body as well as ___________________ muscles in each segment
    • Starting at the _____________________ end the ____________________ muscles contract while the ___________________________ muscles relax. This causes the anterior end to become ___________________ and elongate.
    • After “stretching” the __________________________ muscles contract while the ____________________muscles relax.       This causes the anterior end to become fat again
    • As the body stretches the __________________ extend from the sides of the body to anchor into the soil
    • As the _________________________ muscles contract the Earthworm drags itself forward
    • If this process of contracting and relaxing of the longitudinal and circular muscles is done in sequence along the entire body it allows for easier motion and is called peristalsis

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Human beings also perform peristalsis, however, we use the process to

swallow our food. Try eating or drinking upside down one time and see what happens!!!

 

 

 

  1. Reproduction:

 

  • Asexual reproduction:
    • Annelid worms can undergo the process of _________________ to produce two genetically identical worms
    • Annelids can also _______________________ after they have been cut

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Earthworms can be cut up to 1/13 their size and still regenerate!!!

 

  • Sexual Reproduction:
    • Earthworms are _________________________ (though other Annelids have distinct sexes)
    • When conditions are right two earthworms will line up ____________ to __________ so that their _________________________ and their _______________ line up (male to female)
    • The ___________________________ of each worm then produce a slime tube that surrounds both worms
    • ___________________ is transferred from each partner to the other
    • Once copulation has occurred the worms wriggle out of the slime tube releasing the _____________ and _________________
    • The sperm fertilize the eggs within the worm “__________________”
    • The eggs mature directly into the adult Earthworms which emerge from the “cocoon”

 

  1. Ecological Roles:

 

  • Annelids play incredible ecological roles
  • Earthworms are very important to agriculture. As they burrow through the soil they help to aerate it allowing the roots of plants to gain much needed space and oxygen. The castings they leave behind also help to fertilize the soil
  • Some countries around the world use medicinal leeches. In Medieval times leeches were used to suck people’s blood in hopes of balancing their “Humours”. In modern medicine the chemical that leeches secrete during feeding called hirudin is used to prevent blood coagulation in certain operations such as plastic surgery or to stimulate circulation in reattachment surgeries.
posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Worms and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Nematoda Gap Notes

Biology 11

Name: ___________ _______________ Date: _________________ Block: _____________

 

 

Phylum Nematoda (Greek: nema = “thread”)

The “Roundworms”

Pages 314-317

 

  1. Background:

 

  • 2 Major Classes:
    1. _______________________________
    2. _______________________________
  • ~ 80000 species known

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Nematodes are the most abundant multicellular lifeforms on earth!!!

 

  • The Nematodes have evolved to live in every habitat on the planet from marine to fresh water, the polar regions to the tropics and from the highest elevations to the lowest.
  • Nematodes can be ____________________________ or _______________________

 

  1. Body Plan/Structure:

 

  • Nematodes demonstrate a __________________________ symmetrical body plan
  • They have a _________________and ____________________________ body
  • They lack a ______________________
  • They have three germ layers:
    1. ______________________
    2. ______________________
    3. ______________________
  • Nematodes are the fist phylum we will look at that has a _____________________________________________ with a _________________ and an _____________ connected by __________________________
  • The mouth is connected to the intestines by a muscular _______________________
  • Nematodes are ___________________________________ which means that they have an internal body cavity but this cavity is not lined with __________________________
  • They do have muscles but only ___________________________ ones
  • They have ____________________ in their __________________ end which is connected to two __________________________ that run down the length of the body on the ________________ and ____________________ sides
  • Nematodes secrete a thick _______________________ that surrounds the body and protects them from their surroundings

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Nematodes are born with the same number of cells that they will have for

their entire life. This means that as Nematodes grow they do not get new cells; instead their cells just get larger!!!

 

III. Feeding:

 

  • The free-living Nematodes usually eat bacteria, fungi, protozoans along with other decomposing material
  • Parasitic Nematodes live off of their host organism
  • Food is ingested through the mouth by muscular contractions of the _________________
  • The food is digested in the ________________________
  • Undigested food is passed out of the _______________

 

  1. Respiration:

 

  • Respiration occurs by simple _____________________ where oxygen is taken up by the body cells from the surroundings and carbon dioxide is released from the body cells into the surroundings

 

  1. Internal Transport:

 

  • The Nematodes lack a true _______________________________; However, nutrients diffuse from the intestines into the __________________________ where they circulate throughout the body

 

  1. Excretion:

 

  • Wastes and undigested nutrients are released out of the _____________ of Nematodes
  • They also have _____________________________________ on either side of their body which release wastes into the surroundings from the pseudocoelome

 

 

 

 

VII. Response:

 

  • Nematodes can have the ability to sense and respond to three stimuli:
    1. Sense and respond to ________________
    2. Sense and respond to ______________________
    3. Sense and respond to _________________

 

VIII. Movement:

 

  • Since Nematodes lack __________________________ muscles and only have _________________________ muscles they can only slash around from side to side

 

  1. Reproduction:

 

  • Sexual reproduction (free-living):
    • Most Nematodes are either ________________ or _______________ (though some are hermaphroditic)
    • When a female and a much smaller male Nematode meet the male will wrap his ________________ around the female
    • One or more ______________________ will move out of his anus and will be inserted into the females _____________________ and sperm will be transferred
    • The fertilized eggs are released from the female into the surroundings to mature

 

  1. Ecological Roles:

Parasitic Nematodes:

 

Like the Platyhelminthes there are many forms of Nematodes that are parasitic. They

Are mostly parasitic on vertebrates and can cause serious illness. They also have very complicated lifecycles:

 

Ex. Trichenella spiralis (causes Trichinosis)

 

  • These Nematodes only need one host to mature but can be passed from host to host
  • The adult Nematodes live in the intestine of their host (pig/rat/human)
  • When they undergo sexual reproduction the larva burrow into the muscles of their host and create a capsule around themselves called an encyst
  • After maturing the larvae travel back to the intestines to begin the lifecycle again

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Most Humans get Trichinosis from eating undercooked pork which

contains the larvae filled encysts!!!

Genetics:

 

The Nematode known as Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was the first multicellular organism ever to have its entire genome mapped. Researchers found that C. elegans have

~ 100 million base pairs that code for ~20000 genes. Research in this area began way back in 1974 and it was completed in 2002. Since then the scientists involved in the research have won multiple Nobel Prizes in medicine and physiology. Also, since C. elegans has been extensively researched it has been used as a model organism to demonstrate cell differentiation and development, cell death, neuronal development, genetic processes, meiosis and many other processes.

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline,Worms and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Platyhelminthes Gap Notes (1)

Biology 11

Name: __________________ __________________ Date: ______________ Block: __________

 

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Greek: platy = “flat”, helminth = “worm”)

The “Flatworms”

Pages 311-317

 

  1. Background:

           

 

  • ~ 25000 known species
  • Some flatworms are free-living whereas other flatworms are completely parasitic and require a host to survive

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The longest tapeworm ever to be extracted from a human was 37 feet long

and was pulled out of a woman’s mouth!!! In whales they can grow up to 120 feet in length!!!

 

  1. A) Free-Living Platyhelminthes:

(Class Turbellaria)

 

  1. Body Plan/Structure:

 

  • Flatworms demonstrate a _______________________ symmetrical body plan
  • They are _________________________ flattened and lack a _____________________
  • They have a highly branched ___________________________________________. It is considered a ______________ gut because there is only one opening to it which serves the function of both the ________________ and ___________________
  • They have three germ layers:
    1. ______________________: Outside
    2. ______________________: Inside
    3. ______________________: Middle layer of tissue between the ectoderm and the endoderm
  • Though Flatworms have three germ layers they are _______________________ and have no body cavity
  • Flatworms do have ________________________ and primitive ___________________________ that are used for __________________ and ___________________
  • Flatworms are also the most primitive organisms to show _____________________
  • The head region of Flatworms contains a concentration of ____________________ called ___________________ (singular=_____________________) that resembles a primitive brain.
  • They have two ___________________________ that run from the __________________ in the head region along the ____________________ side of the worm to the tale region
  • In the head region of Flatworms are two ______________________________
  • They also have lobes on the side of their head called ____________________________

 

III. Feeding:

 

  • The free-living forms of Flatworms are ________________and ________________
  • Flatworms have a _______________________ which is connected to the ________________________ through a long muscular ___________________________
  • Small invertebrates or the remains of dead animals are taken into the mouth/anus by the muscular ____________________
  • The food is then digested in the highly branched ________________________________
  • The nutrients moves from the gut into the body cells by ______________________

 

  1. Respiration:

 

  • Respiration occurs by ___________________
  • ______________is taken up directly by the ________________ from the water or the gut
  • _______________________________ is released directly from the _________________ into the water or the gut

 

  1. Internal Transport:

 

  • __________________ and ___________________ in the gut are simply absorbed into the body cells by the process of _____________________

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Excretion:

 

  • Most undigested food is released directly out of the __________________________
  • Other waste materials diffuse from the body cells into the ____________________________ and exit out of the ________________________
  • Other undigested food is released out of tiny ____________________ that open to the water

 

VII. Response:

 

  • Flatworms are able to sense and respond to at least three forms of stimuli:
    1. Sense and respond to ____________________: The ______________________ can detect light and allow the Flatworms to respond to it
    2. Sense and respond to ____________________: ____________ on the side of their head regions can sense _______________________ in the water and allow the Flatworms to respond (like “smelling”)
    3. Sense and respond to __________________: The ____________________ on either side of the head region can sense _______________ and allow the Flatworms to respond
  • The _____________________ in the head region relay messages from the sensory organs down the ___________________________ to the rest of the body. The _______________________ can control _______________________ in the body which allow the Flatworms to ______________ or ________________.

 

DID YOU KOW!!!: Even though Flatworms only have primitive brains they are capable of

learning!!!

 

VIII. Movement:

 

  • The flatworms move across a surface using _________ on their ______________ surface
  • They can also move by contracting __________________ and _____________________ muscles that lay just below the _____________________. These muscles are controlled by the _______________________.

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Some flatworms are so muscular they can swim through the water!!!

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Reproduction:

 

  • Asexual Reproduction:
    • Flatworms can asexually reproduce through a process called __________________. The __________________ and __________________ ends hold a surface and the midsection constricts. This results in two new flatworms, one from the _________________ end of the original flatworm and the other from the _________________________ end of the original flatworm.
    • Flatworms can also ________________________ parts they have lost.

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: If you cut a small piece off the tip of a flatworm’s head region and left

the wound open it will regenerate a new head in front of the old one. You can repeat the process to create a flatworm with many heads. If we were Greek we could call it a Polycephaloturbellarian!!!

 

  • Sexual Reproduction:
    • Flatworms are _________________________
    • After two flatworms have copulated they release sacs of fertilized __________ and attach them to a surface

 

DID YOU KNOW!!!: In the animal world it is much easier to be male because you generally

don’t have to take care of your offspring. Because of this some hermaphroditic flatworms demonstrate a sexual behaviour called “Penis Fencing” in which two flatworms will attack each other with their penises. The first one that can jab the other will release their sperm and thus take on the role of a male while the flatworm that has been jabbed will have their eggs fertilized and take on the role of the female!!!

 

  1. Ecological Roles:

 

  1. B) Parasitic Platyhelminthes:

(Classes Trematoda, Cestoda and Monogenea)

 

            Parasitic Platyhelminthes are quite a bit different than their free-living relatives. Many of these adaptations are related to the fact that they live within host organisms. Most of the final host organisms that parasitic Platyhelminthes use are vertebrates including HUMANS!!! However, they have intricate lifecycles with intermediate host organisms.

Here is a list of adaptations that make the fluke and the tape worms different than the free-living flatworms.

 

 

Class Cestoda (Tapeworms):

Ex. Taenia saginata (The Beef Tapeworm)

  • The tapeworm has an anterior end called a scolex with complicated hooks for attaching to the intestines of its host.
  • The tapeworm does not have a mouth or digestive system. Instead they bath in the pre-digested fluids of their host and absorb nutrients directly into their body cells
  • Since they live in such a harsh environment as the intestines they have a modified ectoderm called a tegument which protects them from the host’s digestive enzymes and immune responses
  • The tapeworm is hermaphroditic and has an incredibly adapted body which is a reproducing powerhouse!!!
  • The body of the tapeworm is segmented into proglottids, each containing their own group of the necessary sexual organs.
  • As the eggs in the proglottids are fertilized they are released into the human host’s intestines and eventually end up in the host’s fecal matter.
  • Lifecycle:
    • After the fertilized eggs have been released in the fecal matter of the human host the feces can be used as fertilizer, especially in underdeveloped countries with poor sewage systems etc.
    • The eggs are ingested by the intermediate host, a cow
    • The eggs mature into larva in the stomach of the cow which then burrow into the muscles of the cow
    • The beef is eaten by more humans and the larva mature into tapeworms in the intestine of the human host to start the lifecycle again.

 

Class Trematoda (Flukes):

Ex. Schistosoma mansoni (The Liver Fluke that causes Schistosomiasis)

  • The fluke worm has an anterior end with an oral sucker
  • Fluke worms also have a tegument like the Tapeworms to protect them from their host’s immune system and digestive juices
  • Flukes are most often hermaphroditic but in the case of Schistosoma there is a male and a female form
  • Other than these adaptations flukes show many of the same characteristics as the free-living Turbellarians
  • Lifecycle:
    • The adult fluke worm lives in the blood vessels near the intestine of a human host.
    • When it is ready to lay its eggs it pushes its way into one of the tiny blood vessels of the intestine and lays thousands of eggs
    • The sheer number of eggs causes the blood vessels to burst releasing the eggs into the intestine
    • The eggs are carried out of the human host in their fecal matter
    • In many underdeveloped countries there are no proper sewage system and the fecal matter is used as fertilizer
    • The eggs get into the water systems and mature into ciliated larva
    • The larvae swim until they find a snail intermediate host. If they do not find this snail they will die
    • The larva burrow into the tissue of the snail, feed on its tissues and asexually reproduce
    • The new larvae exit the snail and become free-swimming
    • The new free-swimming larvae burrow into the skin of humans who are swimming near them
    • A male larva and female larva will find each other and move through the human circulatory system until they reach the human liver where they mature and feed on red blood cells
    • The pair of mature Trematodes migrate to the intestines where they undergo sexual reproduction
    • The female releases the eggs into the small blood vessels of the intestines to start the cycle again.

 

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posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Worms and have No Comments
19
May

Bio 11 Parasitic Platyhelminthes Gap notes

Biology 11

 

Name: ______________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Parasitic Platyhelminthes

(Classes Trematoda, Cestoda and Monogenea)

 

Parasitic Platyhelminthes are quite a bit different than their free-living relatives. Many of these adaptations are related to the fact that they live within host organisms. Most of the final host organisms that parasitic Platyhelminthes use are vertebrates, including HUMANS!!! However, they have intricate lifecycles with intermediate host organisms.

 

Here is a list of adaptations that make the fluke and the tape worms different than the free-living flatworms.

 

Class Cestoda (Tapeworms):

  1. The Beef Tapeworm
  • The tapeworm has a _______________ at its anterior end, with complicated hooks for attaching to the intestines of its host.
  • The tapeworm does not have a _______________ or _______________. They are bathed in the pre-digested fluids of their host, and absorb nutrients directly into their cells
  • Since they live in such a harsh environment as the intestines they have a modified ectoderm called a _______________ which protects them from the host’s _______________ and _______________
  • The tapeworm is _______________ and has a body adapted for reproducing.
  • The body of the tapeworm is segmented into _______________, each containing both male and female _______________.
  • As the eggs in the proglottids are fertilized they are released into the human host’s intestines and eventually end up in the host’s _______________.

 

  • Lifecycle:
    • After the fertilized eggs have been released in the fecal matter of the human host the feces can be used as fertilizer etc.
    • The eggs are ingested by the intermediate host, a cow
    • The eggs mature into larva which burrow into the muscles of the cow
    • The beef is eaten by more humans and the larva mature into tapeworms in the intestine of the human host to start the lifecycle again.

 

 

 

 

Class Trematoda (Flukes):

  1. Schistosoma

 

  • The fluke worm has an an _______________ on its anterior end for attaching to the host
  • Fluke worms also have a _______________ to protect them from their host’s _______________ and _______________
  • Flukes are most often _______________ but in the case of Schistosoma there is a male and a female form
  • Other than these adaptations flukes show many of the same characteristics as the free-living turbellarians

 

  • Lifecycle:
    • The adult fluke worm lives in the blood vessels near the intestine of a human host.
    • When it is ready to lay its eggs it pushes its way into one of the tiny blood vessels of the intestine and lays thousands of eggs
    • The sheer number of eggs causes the blood vessels to burst releasing the eggs into the intestine
    • The eggs are carried out of the human host in their fecal matter
    • In many underdeveloped countries there are no proper sewage system and the fecal matter is used as fertilizer
    • The eggs get into the water systems and mature into ciliated larva
    • The larva swim until they find a snail intermediate host. If they do not find this snail they will die
    • The larva burrow into the tissue of the snail, feed on its tissues and asexually reproduce
    • The new larvae exit the snail and become free-swimming
    • The new free-swimming larvae burrow into the skin of humans who are swimming near them
    • A male larva and female larva will find eachother and move through the human circulatory system until they reach the human liver where they mature and feed on red blood cells
    • The pair of mature trematodes migrate to the intestines where they undergo sexual reproduction
    • The female releases the eggs into the small blood vessels of the intestines to start the cycle again.

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes and have No Comments
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