Biology 11

Mr Carmichael

Name: ___________________________ Date: _________ Block: ___

The Invertebrates

Text page 304

• An invertebrate is any animal that lacks a ______________.
• Of the 36 animal phyla, only one phylum includes animals with backbones, the Vertebrates. This is the phylum ______________ which includes us humans.
• Approximately 95% of all animals on earth are Invertebrates
• We will study the following 8 Invertebrate Phyla:

1. Phylum ______________ (Sponges)
2. Phylum ______________ (Jellyfish, Anemone, Corals, etc.)
3. Phylum ______________ (Flatworms)
4. Phylum ______________ (Roundworms)
5. Phylum ______________ (Segmented Worms)
6. Phylum ______________ (Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, etc.)
7. Phylum ______________ (Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders, etc.)
8. Phylum ______________ (Sea Stars, Sea Cucumbers, Sea Urchins, etc.)

• In order to survive, all animals must be able to perform 7 essential functions:

1. ______________: Obtain energy and nutrients for survival
2. ______________: Consume oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
3. ______________: Circulatory system to carry oxygen, food and wasted to and from cells of the body
4. ______________: Eliminate poisonous waste from the body
5. ______________: Sensory cells and nervous system to find food, spot predators and locate others of their own kind
6. ______________: Either sexual (helps create genetic diversity) or asexual
7. ______________: Musculo-skeletal system

Phylum Porifera: The Sponges

(Latin: porus = “pore”, ferre = “to bear”)

Pages 304-306

1. Background:

• Porifera means “animal with pores” and sponges have a lot of pores
• Sponges are the ______________ and ______________ of animals

DID YOU KNOW!!!: The oldest known animal fossils are sponges

• Many early naturalists thought that sponges were plants. In 1765 the internal water currents were observed which led to the realization that sponges are animals
• There are over 5,000 different species, most live in salt water but a few species live in fresh water
• Sponges have been used for thousands of years for cleaning and other purposes

• 3 Major Classes:

There are three major Classes of Poriferans:

1. ______________: Sponges containing Calcium carbonate (chalk) spicules
2. ______________: Sponges containing Silica (glass) spicules
3. ______________: Sponges containing Silica (glass) spicules and Spongin (~ 90% of all sponges)

1. Body Plan/Structure:

• ______________ – the most primitive multicellular animal group
• ______________ or sometimes ______________ symmetrical body plan
• Two types of openings:
  • ______________ (plural: ostia) = small pore in the side of the sponge where water flows ______________ to the sponge
  • ______________ (plural: oscula) = large opening at the top of the sponge where water flows______________ of the sponge
• ______________ = central cavity surrounded by walls with thousands of pores

• ______________ level of organization
  • no true tissues, no organs, muscles, nerves, mouth or digestive cavity
  • just groups or specialized cells that all serve different functions

• Two cell layers:
  • ______________ outside
  • ______________ inside
  • ______________ = jelly-like layer in between the ______________ and the ______________ (not a cell layer)

• Four types of specialized cells
  • Epidermal cells (______________) = Ectoderm
  • Collar Cells (______________) = Endoderm
  • Pore Cells (______________) = Line the Pores (Ostia)
  • Amoeba Cells (______________) = Roam through the ______________
• Skeleton
  • Skeletons of some sponges are made of ______________ which are produced and secreted by the ______________
  • ______________ come in many shapes and sizes
  • Some ______________ are made out of ______________ (chalk) while others are made out of ______________ (glass)
  • Spicules can be woven together by protein fibres called ______________
  • Most sponges have both ______________ and ______________

III. Feeding:

• Sponges are filter feeders: – eat primarily ______________
  • ______________ cells (______________) have ______________ which create a steady current of water through the pores (______________) and into the central cavity (______________)
  • As water enters the sponge through the pores (ostia) it passes the ______________ cells (Choanocytes)
  • Particles of food in the water are trapped by ______________ on the ______________ cells (Choanocytes)
  • ______________ cells (Choanocytes) engulf food and digest it
  • Undigested food passes to the ______________ in the ______________
  • The ______________ roam from ______________ cell to ______________ cell collecting nutrients and distributing it to other cells
  • Water exits through a the large hole at the top of the sponge (_________)

DID YOU KNOW!!!: A four inch tall sponge that is half an inch in diameter can filter up to 30 gallons of water a day

1. Respiration:

• The water current flowing through the sponge delivers oxygen to the sponge cells.
• The cells take up the oxygen and release carbon dioxide through simple ______________

1. Excretion:

• The water current which flows through the sponge carries waste out of the top of the sponge (______________).

1. Response:

• Many sponges protect themselves by producing toxins
• That make them unpalatable or poisonous to potential predators

VII. Reproduction:

• Asexual:
  • ______________ – new sponge grows on parent then falls off to create a new animal
  • Sponges can ______________ after being pulled apart
• Sexual
  • Eggs and sperm (______________) are released into the water
  • Most species are ______________– one individual possesses both eggs and sperm
  • Eggs and sperm are released at different times to assure ______________

DID YOU KNOW!!!: Sponges are the only animals that if broken down to the level of their cells, can miraculously reassemble and resurrect themselves

VIII. Movement:

• Sponges are ______________ and do not move.
• However, during sexual reproduction the fertilized egg develops into a free-swimming ______________ larva.       The larva attach to the bottom of the ocean and undergo ______________ to form the adult sponges

1. Ecological Roles of Sponges:

• Sponges help clean the water of the oceans
• They provide food, homes and shelter for other organisms
• They can form symbiotic relationships with algae