" The Big Picture!" by Mr C

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Archive for July, 2016

Introduction to Plants Gap Notes

Biology 11

 

Name: ________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Introduction to Plants

(pages 245 – 246 in Text)

 

What characteristics do all plants share?

 

 

 

What are the three broad groups of plants?

 

 

 

What are the three major adaptations land plants have for living on land?

 

 

What is a gametophyte?

 

 

What are gametes?

 

 

What does haploid mean?

 

 

What is a sporophyte?

 

 

 

 

What are spores?

(use the definition in the sidebar on page 230)

 

What does diploid mean?

 

Biology 11

 

Name: ________________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

Algae

(pages 246 – 248 in Text)

 

What are four things

that water provides

for aquatic plants?

 

 

 

 

What are the 3 divisions of aquatic plants? (Give both the scientific and English names)

 

 

 

What is the common name for multicellular algae?

 

Where are multicellular algae found?

 

 

What is the common name for unicellular algae?

 

 

Where are unicelular algae found?

 

 

What are two important roles of phytoplankton in the global environment?

1)

 

 

1

 

 

67% of global oxygen

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes and have No Comments

Bio 11 SS July 14

Biology 11 Lesson Outline                                      Date July 14 th

 

 

Last lessons Objectives

 

 

1.   Viral cycles, “Lytic,Latent and mutagenic”

2.   Bacteria vocabulary

3.   Sterile technique linked to facts about bacteria

Evaluation
Today’s Objectives 1.   Microscopes and exploring bacteria to protist

2.   Linking protist and fungi to plants

3.   The notion being a plant

Topic

Number One

Lab Activity: Drawing bacteria and protist

 

Rules for making a drawing

http://www.edu.pe.ca/montaguehigh/Science/Files/Rules%20for%20Biological%20Drawings.pdf

 

Youtube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VW8lPFOnFv8

 

Bio drawing

http://www.biologyforlife.com/lab-drawings.html

 

Mission

Calibrate microscope

Draw bacteria and protist

Compare size

 

Types of slides

·      Wet mount

·      Stained mount

·      Live specimen

 

Deep Level notes on Protist verse Monera

http://www.tulane.edu/~bfleury/diversity/labguide/monprot.html

 

Topic

Number Two

Protists to plants

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0-6dzU4gOJo

 

Cladogram of Protist to Plants

http://isite.lps.org/sputnam/Biology/U8%20Classification/U7_Notes.htm

 

Key Concepts and Ted talk clips

 

1)   Cellular verses noncellular

Bacteria communication

https://www.ted.com/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate?language=en

 

Super bugs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikZQPB45Zbw

 

Protist Power

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZS3MH79-AY8

 

 

2)   Comparison of Protist strategies to be a parasite or a mold

 

Parasitic Protist

https://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/parasitic-protists.html

 

Autotrophic: Plant or animal?

 

Heterotrophic

How to digest “food”

 

Life cycles and parasites

Plasmodium

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoIO-g1hiSo

 

Switch strategy..

 

Protists to fungus

http://study.com/academy/lesson/fungus-like-protists-characteristics-types-examples.html

 

 

 

What are the advantages of going from single cell to multicellular?

http://www.wired.com/2014/08/where-animals-come-from/

 

Mold and origin of plants verses fungi

Video of slime mold

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B79Z56vl02A

 

Slime mold film clips

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVhLJLG7ug

 

How smart are slime?

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/brainless-slime-molds/

 

Vocab

cytoplasmic streaming

 

Sexular Spores and multicellular as new strategies

 

What is a plant?

http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/marssim/simhtml/info/whats-a-plant.html

 

Quiz

Virus

Three Territory to recon for next class

See above cladogram and web reference

 

·      Endo symbiosis and chloroplast

·      Photosynthesis

·      Stereo types about plants

 

 

Test

DNA, Taxonomy and Evolution

Debrief and new topic Next class, Quiz on micro,immune and virus

Exploring plants

 

Text Book

 

Class Notes

Chapter on Protist

Chapter on Aquatic plants

Gunner Notes Which has killed more humans, Viruses or Bacteria?

Can you find evidence to support your point of view?

 

What structure in a phytoplankton would make a fossil record?

 

Biology Corner is a great website for all things biology. It is a source for good AP notes and it is easy to use.

Practice test are also found here.

 

Practice vocab quizzes

 

https://quizlet.com/3145397/viruses-and-bacteria-vocabulary-flash-cards/

 

https://quizlet.com/11380661/biology-bacteria-and-viruses-flash-cards/

 

 

 

 

You tube Reference Crash course Archea to Protist

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAR47-g6tlA

 

Today’s flow pattern How does shape and size of a single cell relate to how it lives?

How does the immune system adapt to larger organisms invading the host?

How do single cell organisms adapt to their environment in relation to how they reproduce, get food and adapt to change in environment?

How does sexual reproduction increase diversity within a kingdom?

What is the role of water in regards to single cell organisms?

As an organism becomes multicellular, what are some advantages and problems with getting larger?

How are life cycles linked to evolutionary success of both single and multicellular organism?

What are some preconceptions linked to the words plants?

 

Take Home Message  

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline and have No Comments

Bio 11 SS 13 July

Biology 11 Lesson Outline                                      Date July 13 th

 

 

Last lessons Objectives

 

 

1.   Virus

2.   Bacteria

3.   Taxonomy verse Evolution

Evaluation
Today’s Objectives Virus lytic, latent and mutagenic cycels

Bacteria vocab

Scale of Bacteria and Sterile technique

 
Topic

Number One

The merits of going old school

 

On the overhead.

·      Butterfly bell curve

·      Cladogram and evolution

·      Lytic and latent cycle with t phage

·      Animal viruses and retro verse dna cycle

 

Youtube animation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIut0oVWCEg

 

Stanford study guide

https://web.stanford.edu/group/nolan/_OldWebsite/tutorials/ret_2_lifecyc.html

 

 

 
Topic

Number Two

Bacteria vocab

Bacteria comparative sheet

 
Three Evolution test

 

And now..Protist

The protist song

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cttqYJp2fos

 

Protist Rap

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CibGFo0RHIw

 

x
Debrief and new topic  

“Doh..the hard drive deleted my answer key” and other excuses for slow marking!

 
Text Book

 

Class Notes

Chapter on Protist  
Gunner Notes KK..I am posting this at 10:22 and we will see who can answer this question..

Who wrote the song “the wild bunnies of kitsalano”

 

 
You tube Reference Crash course Archea to Protist

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAR47-g6tlA

 

 
Today’s flow pattern  

“ Hey Sherman, lets go back in time and see what Mr. C said in class today”

 

“Sorry Mr Peabody, I am attempting to find a new copy of Pokeman”.

 
Take Home Message  

That was Wednesday..the only good day is yesterday.

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline and have No Comments

What is on the next test?

Test 1 : Scientific Method,

Taxonomy & the Five Kingdoms

 

Check the PLO’s for taxonomy

Look in Chapter 7 for how to classify

Can you identify name a human by family, genus and species?

What are the Five Kingdoms and how could you take a common name like..slime mold and put it into the correct kingdom.

What is the scientific method and how does it work.

What is a hypothesis?

What is the difference between a controlled and non controlled experiment?

Do experiments always support the initial hypothesis?

Which has more evidence, an experiment or a theory?

What makes a testable idea become a theory?

What are simple facts to identify simple facts about theories?

  • abiogenesis
  • biogenesis
  • cell theory
  • evolution

RF

http://modeling.asu.edu/modeling/LawsonA-BasicBioTheories.pdf

Remember to sleep!

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes and have No Comments

Mr C’s Micro Notes

Bacteria Notes:

Part One: Unity and Diversity

Ways to classify bacteria

Shape and size
Gram positive and Gram negative
Metabolism (include respiration and food source)
A. Size and Shape

· Bacteria were first described by Leeuwenhoek in 1677 after he had invented the compound microscope.

· Bacteria range in size from about 1 to 10 um long by about 0.2 to 0.3 um across (1 um = .001 mm).

Most bacteria come in one of three different shapes:

(1) Rod shaped: Bacillus(i) [filaments or single].

(2) Spherical shaped: Coccus(i) [pairs, chains, groups or single].

(3) Spiral shaped: Spirillum(a) [seldom in colonies]

Some bacteria tend to form groups:

Diplococci are pairs of spherical shaped bacteria

Streptococci are chains of spherical shaped bacteria

Staphylococci are clusters of spherical shaped bacteria

B: Gram positive and Gram negative

The term gram positive or negative, refers to both a staining proccess and specific structure of bacterial cell membranes or wall. The gram staining method is one of the more important techniques in microbiology. Yet one has to realize that this technique is not 100 percent fool proof. Differences in results can be due to type of stains and age of bacteria.

The staining process follows the following protocal:
Heat fix bacteria to slide
Stain with purple dye (crystal violet), rinse with distilled water
Stain with with iodine (marker), rinse with water
Rinse with alchol wash, functions as a decolorization process in which negative lose colour.
Stain with safranin (red stain) which is counter stain for gram negative

In regards to cell membrane structures:

Gram positive bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan (murein) and teichoic acid. ( basically a sugar based structure combined with amino acids)

Gram negative bacteria also have cell walls composed of a peptidoglycan ( in small amounts) but this layer is surrounded by a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane.

Comparison of Characteristic of Gram + and Gram –

Characteristic

Gram Positive

Gram Negative

Gram Reaction

Stain dark violet or purple

Stain pink

Ratio RNA to DNA

8:1

1:1

Nutritional requirements

More complex

Less complex

Susceptability to penicillin

Marked

Less marked

Susceptability to streptomycin and tetracycline

Much less

Marked

Susceptability to anionic detergents

Marked

Less marked

Resistance to sodium azide

Marked

Less marked

C: Metabolism and Nutrition

Cell Metabolism:

Nutrients are ingested and then:

1. broken down by enzymes within cell

2. further breakdown of material is done to produce energy

· Energy is absorbed by biochemical ADP (adenine di phosphate)

· Energy is released by biochemical ATP ( adenine tri phosphate)

Energy can be produced with or without oxygen

1. Anearobic: are bacteria that do not need oxygen for cell metabolism

2. Areorobic: are bacteria that require oxygen for cell metabolism

3. Facualtative: are bacteria that can metabolize with or without oxygen

Obligate Aerobes are those which must have oxygen
Obligate Anaerobes are bacteria which cannot tolerate oxygen.
There are many types of nutrition found among bacteria:

Autotrophic Nutrition:

1. Some are photosynthetic (use sunlight energy to produce their own food).

2. Some are chemosynthetic (oxidize inorganic compounds to obtain their

energy to produce their own food).

· These organisms are known as Photoautotrophs and Chemoautotrophs in that they manufacture their own food.

Heterotrophic Nutition.

They must obtain their energy and nutrients from other sources.

For example:

· Saprophytic bacteria : digest materials in their environment by releasing powerful digestive enzymes. They then absorb the digested nutrients.

· Parasitic bacteria : rely on other organisms to provide the digested nutrients directly.

Part Two: Interactions

Bacteria can exist everywhere there is life this includes:

in the air

in the water

in the earth

on plants

in organism

· without bacteria, we as humans could not exist

· bacteria are the most primitive form of life because they:

a) grow and reproduce ( as often as one time every 15 minutes)

b) they use nutrients to survive

c) they have simple cell structures

· it is possible to see bacteria through a light or electron microscope

Bacteria are both helpful and harmful
To preserve or stop bacteria metabolism they can be:
chilled

dried out

frozen

heated

Dangerous bacteria are called pathogens because they cause diseases.

to control pathogenic bacteria you can remove bacteria by:
removing all bacteria using extreme heat

wash with antiseptic soaps

use antibiotics

specific immunization for specific bacteria proteins

Some bacteria can become resistant to antibodies by altering protein coat or structure of cell wall.
Bacteria can change into dormant forms called spores, which allow the bacteria to stop metabolism in extremely harsh environments

Useful Bacteria

Most bacteria are not pathogenic — include decomposers, nitrogen

fixing bacteria, vitamin producing bacteria, bacteria used to make

insulin and growth hormone, bacteria used in dry cleaning, tanning,

cheese, yogurt

Essential Bacteria:

Bacteria can be helpful because:

· they help plants absorb nutrients from the soil ( specifically nitrogen)

· they are used to make milk products such as yogurt, cheese and butter

· they can be used to manufacture antibiotics

· they can alter biproducts from sewage treatments into non toxic waste

· they can be used to produce specific gases such as methane

· they are used for fermentation

Escherichia coli Gram – rod shape (bacilli)

Sarcina lutea Gram + round shape (cocci)

Bacillus subtilis Gram + rod shape (bacilli)

Bacillus cereus Gram + rod shape (bacilli)

Serratia marcescens Gram – rod shape (bacilli)

Rhodospirillum rubrum Gram – spiral shape (spirilla)

Harmful Bacteria

Harmful bacteria can cause disease (Pathogenic) by interfering with the host’s normal routine, by destroying cells and tissues, by producing endotoxins and exotoxins, and by eliciting an immune response.

· An endotoxin is a toxin within the bacterium that is only released when the bacterium dies and it breaks down.

· An exotoxin is a toxin released by living bacteria.

Koch’s Postulates: –

used to prove that an organism is responsible for a particular disease.

1. must be shown that the organism in question is always present in

the diseased hosts.

2. microbe must be isolated from the host and grown in a pure

culture.

3. microbe from pure culture must be capable of producing the

disease symptoms in a new healthy host.

4. microbes isolated from the newly infected host must be grown in a

pure culture and compared to the original micro-organism.

Examples:

a) Respiratory Tract: Strep throat, Rheumatic fever, Scarlet fever;

Pneumonia, Whooping cough, Diphtheria, Tuberculosis…

b) Skin: Staph (pimples and boils), Leprosy, Gas gangrene…

c) Nervous System: Tetanus, Botulism, Meningitis…

d) Digestive System: Typhoid fever, Cholera, Dysentery; (food

poisoning) Salmonella, Botulism, Staph…

e) Venereal Diseases: Gonorrhea, Syphilis…

Infection by bacteria

There are three lines of defence through which bacteria must

penetrate:

a) through the strong epidermal tissue (skin).. .in wounds, pores,

openings.

b) phagocytic white blood cells which engulf foreign materials including bacteria.

c) antibodies produced by other white blood cells.

Active Immunity –

– is slow acting (because the body is taking time to produce antibodies against the infection); but long lasting (because the body produces “memory cells” which “remember” how to produce these specific antibodies again).

Normally produced by actual initial infection (chicken pox), or by using a vaccine (polio, smallpox). The vaccine consists of either weakened (attenuated) bacteria, dead bacteria, or artificial products which resemble the actual foreign invader (antigen).

Passive Immunity

This is fast acting (because the person is injected with antiserum containing the necessary antibodies or antitoxin); but short-lived (because the person does not actually produce the antibodies – hence no memory cells for the future!). The protein antibodies are often provided from the blood of a larger animal such

as a horse! (Tetanus, Rabies). New techniques have been designed so that bacteria can produce specific antibodies. Newborns initially have Passive Immunity through the passage of antibodies across the placenta, and in the Mother’s milk. In some cases, injection of Toxoids stimulate the production of natural antitoxins.

Antibiotics a biological substance which will kill or slow (inhibit) the growth

of an organism.

e.g. Penicillin, Tetracycline, Bacitracin, Ampicillin,

Erythromycin…

a) must be bacteria-specific.

b) some people are allergic to certain antibiotics.

c) some could kill off useful bacteria.

d) may reduce the competitive pressure and allow

harmful bacteria to survive.

e) may cause resistant strains to develop.

Other biocides include: Sulfur Drugs, antitoxins, various

bacteriocides, disinfectants…

Part Three: Changes with time

Reproduction

1. Bacteria reproduce mostly asexually by a process called BinaryFission. In this method, the circular ring of DNA replicates, and then the cell divides into two daughter cells — each with its own DNA.

2. Some bacteria can also undergo sexual reproduction by a process called Conjugation. In this method, the “male” is connected to the “female” by a tube called a Pilus. The DNA from the “male” then travels through the tube to the “female”. Here, it recombines with the “female” DNA and the “female” bacterium then divides.

Some bacteria can be Transformed into a different cell by absorbing fragments of DNA of other cells. In another method of producing recombined bacterial DNA, bacteriophages (viruses) carry portions of the bacterial DNA from one cell to another. This process is called Transduction.
4. When environmental conditions are not favourable, some bacteria are capable of forming highly resistant thick-walled Endospores until conditions once again return to normal.

Part Four Form and Function

Cell Structure:

A bacteria cell has the following structures:

Nuclear material in the form of DNA to pass on genetic information

Cell membrane: which controls the flow of material in and out of a cell

Ribosome: which assist in making cell proteins

Cell wall

Flagella

Endospores

Response to Stimulus:

Bacteria Lab Questions:

1. Why must you always use sterile technique when working with

bacteria?

2. What does “pathogenic” mean?

3. What is an “inoculum”?

4. List three general rules for handling bacteria.

5. When is the Pour Plate Method of culturing bacteria used?

6. Why must you be careful in regulating the temperature of the melted agar in the Pour Plate Method?

7. In procedure 7 in each of the labs, why did you have to flame the mouths of the test tubes?

8. What is the reason for using the streak plate method?

9. What is the reason for using the Pour plate method?

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Micro Bio and have No Comments

Mr C Virus Quiz Notes

Mr. C’s Top Ten Questions About Virus

Question One: Are Virus living things?

Non living Characteristics

Living Characteristics

they do not respire

they do have DNA or RNA

there is no cellular structure

they do have proteins and enzymes

they do not grow

they have the potential to make other cells make copies of themselves, this is more like duplication than reproduction

they can be crystallised due to harsh environments

virus show diversity associated with the hosts they infect

they cannot reproduce on their own

* this is a great table for a test question….

Question Two: What are virus and where did they come from?

Virus may be linked to the original entity of life as a noncellular ancestor of cells
Their means of existence may imply that they were once primitive organisms that loss cell structures in order to assist parasitic lifestyle.
The genetic material within a virus is only a fragment of an original genome.
Question Three:

What is the structure of a virus and how is it associated with its lifestyle.

Most virus are composed of a protein coat which surrounds a small fragment of DNA or RNA.
Most virus are only visible with electron microscopes ranging in size from .015 to .45 microns.
Some of the protein coats are specialised for the host that the virus infects.
The shape of the protein coat may vary from spherical shapes to bacteriophage which have additional structures to add attachment to host.
Shapes are usually spherical, rod shaped or tadpole shaped.
Question Four: How are virus classified?

Virus are classified by the host they infect
Plant virus: ( example tobacco mosaic virus)
Animal ( by class: Aves : Bird, Insecta: insects) virus
Bacteria virus or Bacterio phage
Question Five: How are virus transmitted?

In plants: virus can be transmitted from contact with insects, direct contact between plant seeds, leaves or stems.
In animals: virus can be transmitted from coughing, sneezing, talking, direct contact and insects.
Question Six: How do virus infect host

A general infection follows the following pattern.

The virus comes in contact with host cell and attaches to host cell.
Viral Protein coat is either removed after absorption by host or virus injects nucleic material into host.
Viral DNA or RNA is replicated by the host cell.
Replicated viral DNA or RNA is translated into proteins for viral enzymes and protein coat.
New virus are assembled within host cell from replicated and translated material.
Virus either remain in host or host cell breaks due to too many virus within cell.
Specialised infections:

Bacteriophage: Virus that infect bacteria

In this type of infection there is the possibility of two events

a) A lytic cycle

Virus attaches to host bacteria, an enzyme eats away the host’s cell wall and viral nucleic material is injected into host
Viral nucleic material is incorporated into host nucleic material
Viral nucleic material begins to replicate and translate its code, this takes over the bacteria normal cellular functions.
As many as 100 or more copies of the original virus are made by host bacteria
The host bacteria burst and virus is release to the environment. The word lytic comes from the Latin which means to burst open
b) A lysogenic cycle.

Much like the lytic cycle the host bacteria is infected by the virus, however lyses of the bacteria does not happen immediately. Bursting of the cell only occurs when the bacteria become weakened or there is a change in the environment.

c) Mutagenic

some virus will not cause the cell to lyse or die but will cause mutations which can change the growth rate of the cell or the shape and size of cells. Some of these viruses have been linked to creating cancer cells. Remember…one of the characteristics of cancer cells are their growth rate and change is morphology.

Retrovirus Infections:

A retrovirus is a RNA virus which infects the host in a unique fashion.
The viral RNA serves as a template for the host cell to make a segment of DNA.
This DNA is then encoded into the host’s genetic material.
The cell does not die but changes due to the new encoded material.
The mechanisms of this type of infection are still being researched.
Question Seven: Are all infections the same?

The answer is no. There are at least three possible outcomes from an infection:

Results of viral infection can be:

A virulent infection:
This is when the virus causes a lytic cycle and the host cell dies
A latent infection:
This is when the virus either becomes part of host genome or remains dormant until changes in host cell and or external environment.
Tumour producing infection:
This is when the host cell is not destroyed but mutated causing the host cell to divide and produce cluster of cells that have changed from the original cell. If these cells remain dormant they are said to be benign and show themselves as a wart or tumour), if these cells become mobile, they are said to be malignant.
Question Eight: What diseases are caused by viral infections?

Some common viral infections are:
viral pneumonia, the common cold, influenza, mumps, measles, German measles polio shingles chickenpox smallpox, AIDS virus hepatitis warts yellow fever cold sores hoof and mouth disease Ebstein Barr virus mosiacs in plants

May be associated with some cancers, leukaemia’s, and autoimmune disorders
Some lethal viruses: Ebola (95% fatality rate)
Most publicised virus: HIV

Question Nine: Is there a way to treat or cure viral infections?

One of the first methods of preventing infection by virus was done by the Chinese, who rubbed other individuals with skin scabs from those individuals who survived a viral infection such as small pox.
Edward Jenner, created a process called vaccination ( from the Latin origin vaca for cow : another famous cow story!) by exposing individuals to cowpox virus, which he noted prevented them from being infected from a more virulent virus for small pox.
It is useless to treat a viral infection with antibiotics however people treated with a killed strain of virus or viral proteins may create their own antibodies to attack onto viral proteins.
Question Ten: How were virus discovered?

Discovery of virus were initially related to nature of infection of hosts
Actual viral material viral material was not purified until 1933 by Stanley. This particular material was crystallise tobacco mosaic.
Identification of viruses has improved with the increased efficiency of electron microscopes.
Because viral DNA/RNA interacts with host nucleic material, viruses are continue to change and evolve.
If you have any further questions you wish to explore…contact Mr. C

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes and have No Comments

Bio 11 SS lesson July 11th 2016

Biology 11 Lesson Outline                                      Date July 11 th

 

 

Last lessons Objectives

 

 

1.   History of evolutionary theory

·      Aristotle

·      Fixity of species

·      Cuvier and Buffon

·      Lamarck and Darwin

2.   Insect Dichotomous Key Lab

Gene flow, Gene Pool and Evolution

1.   Evidence for evolution and classification

2.   Charting evolution with graphs

3.   Isolation mechanisms as evidence of how change could occur

Evaluation
Today’s Objectives 1.   Gradualism verses Punctuated Equilibrium

2.   Adaptive radiation form two points of view

3.   Intro to micro: Virus and taxonomy

Topic

Number One

Using Darwin’s ideas to explore rate of change

 

Great Lecture Notes from Columbia University

http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/evol.html

 

 

Gradual verse Punctuated Equilibrium

Graphic interpretation

http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/gradpunct.html

 

Adaptive radiation

Wiki

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation

 

 

Causes for change in rate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_of_evolution

 

Topic

Number Two

Change and genetics

 

http://science.jrank.org/pages/2612/Evolutionary-Change-Rate.html

 

The new understanding of evolution

 

Gene Pool, Gene flow and evolution

 

Gene drift verses Genetic flow

http://www.shmoop.com/mechanisms-evolution/gene-flow-drift.html

 

Power points

http://slideplayer.com/slide/2378043/

 

http://slideplayer.com/slide/3907372/

 

http://slideplayer.com/slide/3529233/

 

Vocab

·      Gene Pool

·      Gene Flow

·      Genetic Drift

·      Bottleneck affect

·      Gene frequency

 

Three Taxonomy and Virus

 

Key paths to follow

 

Shallow water..simple

https://students.ga.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/1798/12774/viruses-bacteria12.html

 

 

On tippy toes

https://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/pathology/virus.html

 

 

Deep water..more complex

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8174/

 

Wiki

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus

 

 

You are looking for

a)   structure and function

b)   classification

c)    types of reproduction

d)   what is a retrovirus

e)   what is latent and lytic

f)     how are viruses linked to evolution

g)   which came first the virus or a living cell?

 

 

Jenner Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0z7AN9lE3U

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQl0W62DCAY

 

 

x
Debrief and new topic  

Find Gap Notes in the Bio 11 Notes

Good review for possible quizzes

New Gap Notes

·

Text Book

 

Class Notes

Chapter 3

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

 

Gunner Notes Beginning of the bovine story

http://beef2live.com/story-cattle-101-hist-breeds-fun-facts-terms-0-104671

 

Drovers

http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/bridges/html/drovers.htm

 

Origin of “red neck”

http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/rednecks/rednecks.html

 

 

You tube Reference Videos on Virus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Ms04x6MvMY

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ

 

How flu virus attack

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVLo2CtB3GA

 

Today’s flow pattern Topic:

·      Graphs and what they show

·      Types of graphs

·      Linking graphs to two types of evolutionary change, punctuated and gradual change.

·      Using levels of energy in an ecosystem to explain punctuated equilibrium

·      Artificial Selection and Bovine history

·      Source of change, from previous ideas like Darwin and Lamark to genetic flow and drift.

·      Starting idea of alleles to allele frequency

·      Note that the graphs changes to a bell curve.

·      Case study on DDT: Example of accidental selection

·      Case study on Blood: Example of a favoured allele

 

New Topic

·      Taxonomy and alive or not alive.

·      The problems with trying to classify virus.

·      Cow handshake

·      Discovery of virus linked to pox history

·      Cause of disease and Koch’s postulate

·      Septic to antiseptic and disinfectant

·      Intro to the idea of immunity

Take Home Message  

Evolution in simple terms is a change with time. The mechanisms and rate of change with time depend upon changes in alleles and energy.

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline and have No Comments

Bio 11 SS Friday 8

Biology 11 Lesson Outline                                      Date July 8 th

 

 

Last lessons Objectives

 

 

 

1.   Evidence for evolution and classification

2.   Charting evolution with graphs

3.   Isolation mechanisms as evidence of how change could occur

 

Evaluation
Today’s Objectives 1.   History of evolutionary theory

·      Aristotle

·      Fixity of species

·      Cuvier and Buffon

·      Lamarck and Darwin

2.   Insect Dichotomous Key Lab

3.   Gene flow, Gene Pool and Evolution

Topic

Number One

History of evolutionary theory

 

Origin of “fixity of species”

 

Text based

https://ncse.com/book/export/html/5527

 

 

Wiki rf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought

 

Powerpoints

http://www.slideshare.net/jjcorrea121/2011-15-ppt-evolution-and-natural-selection

 

http://www.slideshare.net/jjcorrea121/2011-15-ppt-evolution-and-natural-selection

 

Key Players in the history of evolution

Malthus

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_07

 

Lamarck

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_09

 

Buffon

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_06

 

Cuvier

http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_08

 

Charles Lyell

Alfred Wallace

http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/index1.htm

 

Topic

Number Two

 

Insect Lab and Darwin’s Finch Data

 

Darwin verses Lamarck

http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-sheets/lamarck-and-darwin-summary-theories/

 

Darwin’s six step “proof” to outline evolution

 

Evolution of Baba Brinkman videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROgR3nK6ayk&list=RDirrKFXCoi0A&index=4

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apICqy01jo4

 

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apICqy01jo4&index=5&list=RDirrKFXCoi0A

 

 

Note:

These videos are the first rap songs to be peer reviewed. The author of this blog is offering these video to inspire critical thinking and debate.

 

Topic

Number Three

The new understanding of evolution

 

Gene Pool, Gene flow and evolution

 

Power points

http://slideplayer.com/slide/2378043/

 

http://slideplayer.com/slide/3907372/

 

http://slideplayer.com/slide/3529233/

 

Vocab

·      Gene Pool

·      Gene Flow

·      Bottleneck affect

·      Gene frequency

 

x
Debrief and new topic Find Gap Notes in the Bio 11 Notes

Good review for possible quizzes

·

Text Book

 

Class Notes

Chapter 2 and 3

Fossils Rocks

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClJ5lwl_wM0&list=PLrPhCtnQNkWZZofdSPtQBwS-tnAtCjJif&index=7

 

Gunner Notes 1.   Looking at a timeline of evolution where does Pasteur fit in?

2.   Hurrah or Oorah..which do Marines say and why?

3.   New gunner song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FAFOu7fkZk&index=104&list=PLrPhCtnQNkWZZofdSPtQBwS-tnAtCjJif

4.

You tube Reference Tree of life

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6IrUUDboZo

 

Vocab
Take Home Message A duck is a duck. A theory is a theory.

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Lesson Outline and have No Comments

Microbiology PLO’s

BIOLOGY 11 UNIT E – MICROBIOLOGY

 

  1. PRESCRIBED LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this unit, you must be able to:

 

  1. show an understanding of characteristics and functions of viruses and bacteria.

 

  1. Viruses
  • evaluate the evidence used to classify viruses as living or non-living
  • describe the structure of viruses
  • describe viral reproduction
  • evaluate the effects of viruses on humans
  1. Monera
  • analyse monerans as a lifeform at the prokaryotic level of organization
  • describe the structure and function of bacteria
  • describe moneran diversity
  • describe the roles and effects of bacteria
  • evaluate the effectiveness of various antibiotics, disinfectants, or antiseptics on bacterial cultures

 

 

  1. VOCABULARY

By the end of this unit, you must be able to define the following:

 

o     antibody

o     antigen

o     DNA

o     host cell

o     lymphocyte,

o     lysogenic cycle

o     lytic cycle

o     membranous envelope,

o     mucous membrane

o     nucleic acid core

o     phagocytic white blood cell

o     primary line of defence

o     protein capsid

o     RNA

o     secondary line of defence

o     tertiary line of defence

o     viral specificity

o     white blood cell

o     aerobic respiration

o     antibiotic

o     antiseptic

o     bacteria

o     binary fission

o     classification

o     conjugation

o     disinfectant

o     ecological role

o     fermentation

o     motility

o     mutate/mutation

o     photosynthesis

o     prokaryote

o     resistant/resistance

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes,Microbio and have No Comments

DNA Gap Notes

Biology 11

 

Name: ____________________ Date: __________ Block: _____

 

The Basic Structure of DNA

 

THE STRUCTURE OF DNA (pg 609, 613, 614)

DNA is a type of molecule called a ______________ acid. The basic units or “building blocks” of DNA are called ______________, and are arranged in long chains. Each of these units is made up of three subunits: a _____________, a _____________, and a _____________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A molecule of DNA is actually made up of 2 long molecules (called strands), twisted around each other into a shape called a __________________ . A strand of DNA is made up of many ______________ strung together, like beads on a chain. The alternating ______________ and ______________ are joined by chemical bonds, and form the “spine” or “backbone” of the DNA strand, with the ______________ sticking out the side.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The number of different kinds of nitrogenous bases found in DNA is ____. Below are diagrams of the different bases. Name each base.

 

______________                        ______________

 

 

G

______________                        ______________

 

 

When two strands join together to form a double helix, the ______________ of the nucleotides join together with a chemical bond between them. These bonds are called hydrogen bonds.

 

Each base will only bond with its complementary base to form a complementary base pair:

 

 

– ______________ always bonds with ______________

 

 

– ______________ always bonds with ______________

 

 

The 2 strands form a ladder shape. The alternating ______________ and ______________ are the sides of the ladder, and the ______________ are the rungs of the ladder. When the ladder is twisted, it forms a ______________ shape.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bases

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How does DNA duplicate itself?

 

1) The ______________ between complementary bases break

2) The ______________ unravels (becomes untwisted), exposing unpaired bases

3) New ______________, with complementary bases, come and form ______________ bonds with the unpaired bases, forming a new chain.

4) Chemical bonds form between the ____________ and ____________ of the new nucleotides.

newly created strand
newly created strand

5) The result is 2 new ______________ of DNA, each of which has one strand from the original DNA and one strand that is newly created.

 

Every once in a while, a mistake happens while DNA is duplicating itself, and the new strand will be slightly different than the original strand. These mistakes are called _______________.

 

 

 

What are Genes?

 

(see pg 140) Genes are units of _______________ located on _______________ that produce or influence a specific trait in an individual.

 

Each gene consist of a length of DNA that contains instructions (the “code”) for making a specific proteins. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs.

 

 

 

 

Think of the bases along a single strand of DNA as being letters:

 

ATGCTCGAATAAATGTGAATTTGA

 

The letters make words:
ATG   CTC     GAA     TAA     ATG     TGA     ATT     TGA

 

The words make sentences:

 

< ATG   CTC     GAA   TAA     ATG     TGA     ATT   TGA>

 

These “sentences” are called genes. Each “word” in the sentence is called a codon, and codes for a different amino acid. Proteins are made of long strings of amino acids. The sentence as a whole is the code for a protein made up of a chain of amino acids assembled in a specific order.

 

We have approximately three billion pairs of nitrogenous bases in the DNA in most of our cells. This complete set of genes is called a genome. With the exception of identical twins, the sequence of the bases is different for everyone, which makes each of us unique.

 

Although we all look quite different from one another, we are surprisingly alike at the DNA level. the DNA of most people is 99.9 percent the same. And our DNA is 98% the same as a pygmy chimpanzee!!

What is RNA?

 

DNA doesn’t make proteins directly, instead, the DNA creates another molecule, called RNA, which functions as a messenger, carrying instructions from the DNA to organelles called _______________, that assemble proteins in the cytoplasm.

 

The nucleotides that make up RNA are very similar to those that make up DNA. However, instead of thymine, the nucleotides of RNA contain a nitrogenous base called uracil.

 

 

 

_______________ is replaced with                 ­­­_______________

 

 

How is RNA Formed?

 

RNA is formed through a process called transcription, and the process is controlled by an enzyme called RNA Polymerase

 

1) The ______________ bonds between complementary bases break.

2) The ______________ unravels (becomes untwisted), exposing unpaired bases.

3) New ______________, with complementary bases, come and form a new chain.

4) Chemical bonds form between the ____________ and ____________ of the new nucleotides.

5) Note that _______________ do NOT form between the complementary bases.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How are Proteins Assembled?

 

The RNA moves out of the _______________ into the _______________, where it is used by the organelles called _______________ as a “template” for assembling _______________ into _______________ molecules.

 

The following chart shows all of the possible codons (formed by combinations of bases), and which amino acid corresponds to each codon:

 

 

Use the chart of amino acid codes to determine which amino acids will be formed by the following length of RNA (all that is shown are the bases in the RNA):

 

ACA – AGA – CGC – UAU – GUA – AAA – CAU – UCG – UGA

 

 

 

posted by Marc Bernard Carmichael in Biology Eleven,Biology Eleven Notes and have No Comments