{"id":7804,"date":"2019-11-15T05:30:44","date_gmt":"2019-11-15T05:30:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/?p=7804"},"modified":"2020-03-26T23:00:32","modified_gmt":"2020-03-26T23:00:32","slug":"7804","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/2019\/11\/15\/7804\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter Six: The Sixties"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Expo 67 &#8211; Montreal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>I.\u00a0 INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">In 1967, Canada celebrated its Centennial. \u2013 the uniting of the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and new Brunswick to form the Dominion of Canada. Prime Minister Lester B Pearson spoke for many Canadians in his speech at the official opening of Expo 67, a six-month international fair held in Montreal, Quebec.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>This is a proud day for Montreal, for Quebec and above all for Canada. Behind this big Canadian birthday &#8220;blast&#8221; are achievements in planning, organi<\/em><em>sation and construction that are little short of miraculous.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>The men behind these achievements should be proud and happy. We should be grateful to them, as we recall the sceptics who once said Expo 67 was too big a project for Montreal, Quebec or Canada to accomplish in less than four years. But it was done &#8212; and well done.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>We are witnesses today to the fulfilment of one of the most daring acts of faith in Canadian enterprise and ability ever undertaken. That faith was not misplaced. But Expo is much more than a great Canadian achievement of design and planning and construction. It is also a monument to Man. It tells the exciting and inspiring story of a world that belongs not to any one nation but to every nation.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Link to Canada\u2019s Centennial Song: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Uj4LZB5oarA\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Uj4LZB5oarA<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1960s1.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7809\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1960s1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1143\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1960s1.jpg 3584w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1960s1-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1960s1-768x1097.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1960s1-717x1024.jpg 717w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Schools throughout the Vancouver School District join in celebrating Canada\u2019s 100<sup>th<\/sup>\u00a0Birthday<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>There were those who did not join in the celebrations. One such person was Chief Dan George \u2013 a leader of the Tsleil-Waututh, a Coast Salish nation whose ancestral lands border Burrard Inlet:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Oh Canada, how can I celebrate with you this centenary, this hundred years? Shall I thank you for the reserves that are left to me of my beautiful forests? For the canned fish of my rivers? For the loss of my pride and authority, even among my own people? For the lack of my will to fight back? No! I must forget what\u2019s past and gone.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Oh God in heaven! Give me back the courage of the olden chiefs. Let me wrestle with my surroundings. Let me again, as in the days of old, dominate my environment. Let me humbly accept this new culture and through it rise up and go on.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Oh God! Like the thunderbird of old I shall rise again out of the sea; I shall grab the instruments of the white man\u2019s success, his education, his skills, and with these new tools I shall build my race into the proudest segment of your society. Before I follow the great chiefs who have gone before us, Oh Canada, I shall see these things come to pass.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>I shall see our young braves and our chiefs sitting in the houses of law and government, ruling and being ruled by the knowledge and freedoms of our great land. So shall we shatter the barriers of our isolation? So shall the next hundred years be the greatest in the proud history of our tribes and nations.<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8029\" style=\"width: 344px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CPT501413061_hd.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8029\" class=\" wp-image-8029\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CPT501413061_hd.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"334\" height=\"416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CPT501413061_hd.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CPT501413061_hd-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CPT501413061_hd-768x958.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CPT501413061_hd-821x1024.jpg 821w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8029\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><strong style=\"text-align: center;font-size: 16px\">Chief Dan George<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>A.\u00a0 World Events<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>During the 1960\u2019s, the world beyond Canada\u2019s borders saw social upheaval, political turmoil, and international rivalry.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In 1960, following the election of President John F. Kennedy, the U.S. government sought to bring down the newly created Communist\u00a0 regime in Cuba. This led to a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in October 1962, which brought the world\u00a0 \u00a0 to the brink of \u2018all-out\u2019 nuclear war. To avoid similar incidents, a \u2018hot line\u2019 linking Washington and Moscow was put in place.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">The rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union extended to the exploration of space, particularly manned space flight. The United States won the \u2018race to the Moon\u2019 on July 11, 1969 when a space craft crewed by two American astronauts, Neil Armstrong and\u00a0 Bud Armstrong, touched down on the lunar surface. Millions of Canadians tuned in to view live television coverage of the lunar landing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan11964.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7807\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan11964.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"655\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan11964.jpg 1730w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan11964-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan11964-768x629.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan11964-1024x839.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>David Thompson Secondary School: space station mural, 1967<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Following President Kennedy\u2019s assassination on November 23, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson became US president. In 1964, President Johnson advanced the cause of civil rights in the United States by signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964. He also escalated US involvement in a costly, civil war in Vietnam. While many Americans supported the war effort, others opposed it. The emergence of a strong anti-war movement produced deep divisions within American society.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Other developments:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In Africa, colonial empires controlled by European powers were largely replaced by independent states ruled by Africans.<\/li>\n<li>In China, a \u2018Cultural Revolution\u2019 led by the Communist leader, Chairman Mao Tse Tung led to a purge of government officials and\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 others accused of anti-revolutionary thinking and behaviour. Millions were sent to the countryside to do hard labour in re-\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0education camps.<\/li>\n<li>In Western Europe, steps were taken towards the creation of a union of European states.<\/li>\n<li>In Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union asserted its dominance by building a wall dividing East Berlin from West Berlin (1961), and\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0leading an invasion of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact forces (1968).<\/li>\n<li>In 1967, Israel\u2019s decisive victory in the Six-Day War over an alliance of Arab states changed the balance of power in the region and\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0sowed the seeds of future conflict.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>B.\u00a0 CANADA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>GOVERNMENT OF CANADA<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>During the 1960s, the Government of Canada was led by the following prime ministers:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 John Diefenbaker (Progressive Conservative) 1957 \u2013 1963<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Appointed the first female minister in Canadian history to his Cabinet.<\/li>\n<li>Appointed the first aboriginal member of the Senate.<\/li>\n<li>Obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights.<\/li>\n<li>Granted Indigenous peoples the right to vote.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Lester B Pearson (Liberal) 1963 \u2013 1968<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Committed\u00a0 Canadian soldiers to a number of United Nations \u2018peacekeeping missions\u2019:\u00a0 Papua, New Guinea (1962),\u00a0 Yemen\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (1963), Cypress (1964).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0Chose to keep Canada out of the escalating conflict in Vietnam. However, he did allow Canadian industries to sell military\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0equipment and supplies to the United States.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Overcame considerable opposition to win approval in the House of Commons to replace the \u2018Red Ensign\u2019 with the \u2018Maple Leaf\u2019 as\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Canada\u2019s national flag. Queen Elizabeth II approved the Maple Leaf flag by signing a royal proclamation on January 28, 1965.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/download.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7815\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/download.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"849\" height=\"849\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/download.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/download-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/download-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/download-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/download-1024x1024.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 849px) 100vw, 849px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>\u00a0Top: the Red Ensign. Bottom: the Maple Leaf flag that replaced it.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Don-Munton-July-1-1964-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7814\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Don-Munton-July-1-1964-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"850\" height=\"685\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Don-Munton-July-1-1964-1.jpg 2681w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Don-Munton-July-1-1964-1-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Don-Munton-July-1-1964-1-768x620.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Don-Munton-July-1-1964-1-1024x826.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>&#8216;Maple Leaf flag&#8217; supporter distributes copies of an earlier design of the Maple Leaf flag (July 01, 1964).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Pierre Elliott Trudeau (Liberal) 1968 \u2013 1979<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">In 1969, the Trudeau government introduced a law that profoundly changed the social landscape of Canada. Birth control pills,\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u201ctherapeutic\u201d abortions, and homosexual acts between consenting adults were made legal.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Trudeau continued Pearson\u2019s policy of non-intervention in the Vietnam War. During the war, thousands of young Americans fled to Canada fled to Canada to avoid military service in Vietnam.\u00a0 Many settled in Vancouver. At the same time, an estimated 30,000 Canadians joined the US military as volunteers. 110 Canadians are believed to have died in combat in Vietnam.Immigration Policy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a02. Immigration Policy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The 1960s saw the Federal Government make a number of changes to Canada\u2019s immigration laws and policies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>1962\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong>New immigration regulations were introduced that remove most racial discrimination from the selection process.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Despite high levels of unemployment, immigration targets were increased.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>1967\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong>The \u201cpoints system\u201d was introduced as the basis for selecting immigrants. The last vestiges of racial discrimination are\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 eliminated from immigration policy. This change led\u00a0 Canada to become a more multi-cultural society.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>1968\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong>In the aftermath of the occupation of\u00a0 Czechoslovakia by Warsaw pact forces, Canada authorizes the admission of\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a010,975 Czechoslovakian refugees. Numerous organizations and agencies in Canada assist in the settlement of the\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0new arrivals.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1969\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>Canada consents to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol.<\/p>\n<p>A comparison of immigration patterns in Canada in 1961 and 1971 shows that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The percentage of the population who were immigrants remained essentially the same (1961 \u2013 15.6%; 1971 \u2013 15.3%)<\/li>\n<li>The percentage of immigrants from Great Britain declined from 34 percent to 28 percent.<\/li>\n<li>The percentage of immigrants from Asia increased from 2 percent to 4 percent.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>3.\u00a0 Other Developments in Canada<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Separatism in Quebec<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>During the early 1960s, Quebec experienced major economic and social changes \u2013 a period known as the \u2018Quiet Revolution\u2019. The\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 slogan \u2018Masters in our own House\u2019 summed up the feelings of many Quebecers during this time. One result of this: the rise of a\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2018separatist\u2019 movement inspired by the belief that Quebec should break away from Canada and become an independent state.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Beatlemania<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The early 1960s also saw the dramatic rise in popularity of the Beatles, a British rock band from Liverpool, England. The Beatles had\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 gained wide popularity among young people in Germany and the United Kingdom before embarking on a tour of North America in\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 1964.<\/p>\n<p>The term \u2018Beatlemania\u2019 was coined to describe the screaming and hysteria that greeted the band when they performed at concerts or\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 otherwise appeared in public. Other famous British rock bands followed, including the Rolling Stones (1965) and Led Zeppelin\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (1968). This so called \u201cBritish Invasion\u201d faded towards the end of the 1960s as American rock bands gained popularity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Follow the link below to see video of the Beatles performance at Empire Stadium in Vancouver in August 1964.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Wa4FIL6kpS4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Wa4FIL6kpS4<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Native Land Claims &#8211; the Calder Case .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Frank Calder was a member of the Nisga\u2019a nation and one of its a hereditary chiefs. Born in 1915, he was elected to the Legislative\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Assembly of British Columbia in 1949. In 1967 he and other members of the Nisga\u2019a Tribal Council launched a law suit claiming\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 that the Nisga\u2019a title to land in and around the Nass Valley had \u201cnever been lawfully extinguished.\u201d The case went to trial two\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 years later.<\/p>\n<p>The Supreme Court of British Columbia, and later, the Appeal Court of British Columbia, ruled against the plaintiffs, declaring that\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Aboriginal title did not exist in Canadian law. Then, in January 1973, six out of seven judges of the Supreme Court of Canada ruled\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 that Aboriginal Title did exist.<\/p>\n<p>The judges, however, split on the question of whether the Nisga\u2019a had lost title to their land prior to British Columbia becoming a\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Crown Colony. Three judges ruled \u2018Yes\u201d, three judges ruled \u201cNo\u201d, and the seventh judge ruled against the Nisga\u2019a claim on a\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 technicality.<\/p>\n<p>Despite this setback, the decision in the Calder case influenced the outcome in other court cases in ways that advanced Indigenous\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 rights. As well, in a meeting with Indigenous leaders following the decision, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau acknowledged the\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 existence of Aboriginal rights and declared that changes in Government policy were needed.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>C. DEVELOPMENTS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a01. The Economy\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>During the 1960s, Social Credit Premier W.A.C Bennett continued his string of political victories, winning re-election in 1960, 1963, 1966 and 1969. Bennett used his time in power to expand government services through the creation of Crown Corporations: BC Ferries, BC Hydro, and BC Rail. Major hydro\u2013electric projects were undertaken, including the building of huge dams on the Columbia River and Peace River. In 1961, to help British Columbia finance the dam on the Columbia River, the Government of Canada signed the Columbia River Treaty with the United States. This Treaty authorized the sharing with Canada of half of the downstream US power and flood benefits.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7849\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/july-31-1964-w-a-c-bennett-at-the-ceremony-marking-the-con-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7849\" class=\" wp-image-7849\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/july-31-1964-w-a-c-bennett-at-the-ceremony-marking-the-con-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/july-31-1964-w-a-c-bennett-at-the-ceremony-marking-the-con-1.jpg 1475w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/july-31-1964-w-a-c-bennett-at-the-ceremony-marking-the-con-1-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/july-31-1964-w-a-c-bennett-at-the-ceremony-marking-the-con-1-768x580.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/july-31-1964-w-a-c-bennett-at-the-ceremony-marking-the-con-1-1024x773.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/july-31-1964-w-a-c-bennett-at-the-ceremony-marking-the-con-1-174x131.jpg 174w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/july-31-1964-w-a-c-bennett-at-the-ceremony-marking-the-con-1-70x53.jpg 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7849\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong style=\"font-size: 16px\"> Premier Bennett at ceremony marking construction of the Peace River Dam &#8211; July 31, 1964.\u00a0 (Deni Eagland, Vancouver Sun files)<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a02. Education<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The CHANT REPORT<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>October 1960: The Report of the Royal Commission on Education, also known as the Chant Report (458 pages), is presented to the British Columbia Government. The Report made 158 recommendations which would have transformed the education in British Columbia. These recommendations were based on extensive consultation and research, as indicated in this quote from the Foreword to the Report:<\/p>\n<p><em>The Commission derived information from a great many sources, and wishes to express appreciation to the many citizens of the Province who assisted in so many ways. Thousands of people shared in the preparation of briefs and hundreds participated in the hearings. Had such co-operation not been forthcoming, the scope of the Commission&#8217;s inquiry would have been very restricted. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>In the document, <u>VANCOUVER SCHOOLS \u2013 ESTABLISHING THEIR HERITAGE VALUE<\/u>, the findings of the Report were summarized as follows:<\/p>\n<p><em>The Commission recommended that the aim of education in British Columbia should be \u2018promoting the intellectual development of the pupils, and hat this should be the major emphasis throughout the whole school system.\u2019 More time and effort was to be spent on \u2018central subjects\u2019 and less time on \u2018inner\u2019 and \u2018outer\u2019 subjects. Secondary students in particular felt the effect of the Commission; school days were made longer and the overall program was restructured.\u2019\u00a0 See Chart below:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI11102019-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7839\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI11102019-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"673\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI11102019-1.jpg 2197w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI11102019-1-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI11102019-1-768x1034.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI11102019-1-761x1024.jpg 761w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>REACTION to the REPORT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The Report proved controversial. Many of the key recommendations were not implemented.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><u>Two Viewpoints<\/u><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01.\u00a0 Dean Scarfe, Head of the Faculty of Education at the University of British Columbia<\/strong> (UBYSSEY newspaper, January 1961)<\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em>Dean Neville V. Scarfe charged Monday that the Chant Royal Commission report is \u201ccontradictory and conservative.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Scarfe, Dean of the Faculty of Education, told a large noon-hour audience in Brock Hall that the commission looked backwards and is short-sighted.<\/p>\n<p>He stated that education is a growth process and it is essential that school work be presented in a creative and adventurous manner in order to make school an intellectual adventure.<\/p>\n<p>The Royal Commission does not recognize this approach and desires to force students into drudgery, he said\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Scarfe opposes the recommendation for a greater amount of drill on the three R\u2019s. He believes that for the most part, high school graduate entering university are well prepared.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2<\/strong>.\u00a0 <strong>L. A. Garstin, Principal, McKim Junior High School, Kimberley<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Acceleration, enrichment, homogenous, offering of electives and combinations of these devices have all been used to provide for pupils of different levels of ability in B.C. schools. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The Chant Royal Commission feels, however, that none of these measures has met with any conspicuous success. It would therefore reorganize the public school program at the secondary level into a regular or academic type course and a practical or vocational type course to be given normally in composite high schools or in separate schools where facilities are available. Choice of students for each of the two types of course would be determined by a set of examinations at the end of the Grade VII year, and again at the end of the Grade X year.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This plan has much in common with British and European practices\u2026 It is rather unfortunate that the commission should have drunk so deeply at the fountain of Old World educational traditions at a time when the Old World itself is calling them in question\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Dr. A.G. Hughes, recently retired chief inspector of the London County Council, speaks of the atmosphere of fear of failure pervading all elementary school life as a result of children\u2019s knowledge that they must face a set of tests which will determine their future education and their life work.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">EXPANSION of the POST SECONDARY EDUCATION SYSTEM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>During the 1960s, the \u2018Baby Boom\u2019 generation began graduating from high school, and the demand for post secondary educational\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 opportunities grew rapidly. The Vancouver School Board responded by combining the Vancouver Vocational Institute, the\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Vancouver School of Art and the Vancouver Continuing\u00a0 Education Centre (formerly, King Edward High School), into one organization\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 called Vancouver City College, and expanding overall student capacity.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Vancouver Continuing Education Centre<\/strong> closed in 1973 following a major fire. Later, the site was taken over by the Vancouver General Hospital.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7872\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"951\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-2.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-2-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-2-768x425.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-2-1024x566.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px\" \/><\/a> Composite photo of the King Edward High School\u2019s last Grade 12 Graduation Class &#8211; 1962. The following year, the building re-opened as an adult education school called the Vancouver Continuing Education Centre.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan12066-1965.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7873\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan12066-1965.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"799\" height=\"639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan12066-1965.jpg 2831w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan12066-1965-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan12066-1965-768x615.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan12066-1965-1024x820.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1966 \u2013 Instructor, Vancouver Continuing Education Centre<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan10270-1973.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7874\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan10270-1973.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan10270-1973.jpg 2731w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan10270-1973-300x239.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan10270-1973-768x613.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Scan10270-1973-1024x817.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Aftermath of the fire at the Vancouver Continuing Education Centre (1973.)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Also during the early 1960s, the <strong>Vancouver Vocational Institute<\/strong> was remodeled and expanded. The new facilities opened in 1964. The Vancouver School of Art occupied part of the new facility for several years.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-folder2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7836\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-folder2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"1145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-folder2.jpg 1120w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-folder2-210x300.jpg 210w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-folder2-768x1097.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-folder2-717x1024.jpg 717w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>In 1962, following publication of a report by Dr. John B. MacDonald, President of the University of British Columbia, the BC Government increases funding to UBC to enable it to meet the needs of a growing student population. Additional funds were provided to other post secondary institutions: the<strong> BC Institute of Technology<\/strong>, the <strong>University of Victoria<\/strong>, and <strong>Simon Fraser University<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/5d65c005-ca2b-4aa0-bd17-004a9662a27b-10886-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7853\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/5d65c005-ca2b-4aa0-bd17-004a9662a27b-10886-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/5d65c005-ca2b-4aa0-bd17-004a9662a27b-10886-2.jpg 5637w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/5d65c005-ca2b-4aa0-bd17-004a9662a27b-10886-2-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/5d65c005-ca2b-4aa0-bd17-004a9662a27b-10886-2-768x618.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/5d65c005-ca2b-4aa0-bd17-004a9662a27b-10886-2-1024x824.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0The new Simon Fraser University campus under construction (SFU Archives, 1964.)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>D. THE CITY OF VANCOUVER<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>1. The Freeway Debate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>During the 1960s, Vancouver\u2019s population continued to grow &#8211; from 384, 522 in 1961 to 426, 256 in 1971. Much of the new population growth occurred in East and South Vancouver. In several neighborhoods, population density increased due to low density housing being replaced by low-rise apartments. During the same period, the population for all of Metro Vancouver increased from 790, 741 in 1961 to 1,028, 334. New residential areas were developed to accommodate this growing population.<\/p>\n<p>Most residents of Metro Vancouver relied on automobiles to travel about the region, and to accommodate them, there was massive construction of new bridges and the building of some freeways. However, one proposal ran into strong opposition: The construction of a freeway network that would link the downtown business district to the surrounding suburbs and regional communities. In 1967, the City of Vancouver announced plans to build a freeway linking Downtown Vancouver with the Trans Canada to the east. In the same year, a third crossing of Burrard Inlet was proposed.<\/p>\n<p>In 1972, the new Georgia Street Viaduct was opened. Originally, it was to be one of the key components of the proposed freeway scheme. In the end, nothing came of these proposals. Residents of the Strathcona neighbourhood mounted a strong protest, arguing that the freeway link to the Trans-Canada Highway would destroy a large part of Chinatown and physically divide Strathcona into two isolated parts. At least as important was the refusal of the Federal Government to contribute funds to the project.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/t5bsnlsuz2f11.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7856\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/t5bsnlsuz2f11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"799\" height=\"630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/t5bsnlsuz2f11.jpg 3000w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/t5bsnlsuz2f11-300x237.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/t5bsnlsuz2f11-768x606.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/t5bsnlsuz2f11-1024x808.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>The Georgia\u00a0 Street Viaduct (City of Vancouver files)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><u>The Inner City Project<\/u><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>One of the Strathcona residents who had participated in the protests against the freeway was John Minichiello. During the early 1070s, he led a team of Social Studies teachers at Britannia Secondary School in a project aimed at encouraging students to become actively involved in finding solutions for problems affecting their community. For more information, follow this link:<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/2015\/06\/01\/the-inner-city-project-student-initiated-research-into-problems-of-the-inner-city\/\">The Inner City Project \u2013 Student Initiated Research Into Problems of the Inner City<\/a><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Two American \u2018invasions\u2019.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DRAFT DODGERS AND DESERTERS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Beginning in the mid 1960s, an estimated 100,000 young Americans seeking to avoid or escape military service fled to Canada. Many arrived accompanied by wives or partners.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Vancouver was a favoured destination. Local anti war activists greeted the new arrivals\u00a0 and helped them find accommodation and jobs. In\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 January 1968, a Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada was published. Five other editions followed. Other Vancouverites were less sympathetic. Vancouver Mayor Tom Campbell (1967 \u2013 72) vowed to \u201cget rid of\u201d the newcomers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Despite this hostility, most of the new arrivals chose to stay and build new lives for themselves in their adopted city. They were described by one government agency as \u201cthe largest, best-educated group this country has ever received.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8216;HIPPIES&#8217;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In January 1967, a celebration known as the\u2019 Human Be-In\u2019 took place in San Francisco. Timothy Leary, one of the organisers of the event, encouraged the crowd of 30,000 to \u201cturn on, tune in, and drop out\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>This event sparked a social phenomenon called the \u2018Summer of Love\u2019, which occurred in the Haight-Ashbury district of the city. Tens of\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 thousands of young people calling themselves \u2018hippies\u2019 gathered there to explore an alternative life style marked by communal living,\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 beards and long hair, colorful unconventional clothing, use of drugs such as marijuana and LSD, folk music, and rock&#8217;n roll, pacifism, and interest in Eastern religions.<\/p>\n<p>The events in San Francisco inspired similar events in Vancouver. In March 1967, a \u201cHuman Be-In\u201d was celebrated in Stanley Park.<\/p>\n<p>Vancouver also experienced its own \u2018Summer of Love\u2019, which led to the development of a neighbourhood similar to that of the Haight-\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Ashbury District. To quote David Wisdom, a former resident of Kitsilano:<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cYou\u2019ve likely heard about Kitsilano\u2019s hippy heyday, but let\u2019s not be understated: for a\u00a0 few short years, Vancouver, and most especially\u00a0 West 4<sup>th<\/sup> Avenue between Burrard and MacDonald Streets, was indeed the hippy capital of Canada. The movement rocked this\u00a0 formerly conservative logging town to its roots, and changed our city forever.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Jason-1971-23post.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7855\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Jason-1971-23post.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Jason-1971-23post.jpg 3000w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Jason-1971-23post-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Jason-1971-23post-768x514.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Jason-1971-23post-1024x685.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <strong>Hippy &#8216;Be In&#8217;, Vancouver, 1971<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>II. THE VANCOUVER SCHOOL DISTRICT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A. Superintendent&#8217;s Reports<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1-Save3411.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7878\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1-Save3411.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"900\" height=\"642\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1-Save3411.jpg 2991w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1-Save3411-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1-Save3411-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/1-Save3411-1024x732.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Superintendent Robert F. Sharp visits an elementary school classroom.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Dr. Robert F. Sharp served as Superintendent of the Vancouver School District for the entire 1960s decade. His comments in the Annual\u00a0 Reports for this period reveal much about the challenges facing the District and the solutions that were pursued:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1960 \u2013 61<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>This year, 1960-61, which opened another decade, was highlighted by the publication of the Report of the Royal Commission on Education\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>A major recommendation of the Vancouver School Board in its brief to the Commission had stressed the urgent need for adequate vocational facilities for secondary students, particularly boys. The Commission recognized this need, but did not define precisely the programs and facilities for students. As a result, the Board of School Trustees continued to devote considerable time and thought to resolving the problem of vocational education.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1961 \u2013 62<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>In the 1961-62 school year, the elementary schools were affected more than the secondary. Kindergartens were made permissible; Grade VII pupils were made part of the elementary educational program; and time allotments for the subjects was altered considerably.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Special Board committees that studied the gifted children programme, continuing education, and facilities for the handicapped, each led to a change in emphasis or expansion of the services provided for the 64,000 pupils and 34,000 thousand adults now being served by the Vancouver school system.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>A tribute to the effort of the Trustees, and a source of encouragement to them and the administrative staff, was the strong support given by the ratepayers to the $8.1 million referendum, and the approval, together with full financing, given by the provincial and federal governments for the addition to the Vancouver Vocational Institute and the School of Art operated by the Board.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1962 &#8211; 1963<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>This year, 1962-63, marked the beginning of what will be a complete change in secondary education in British Columbia. The objective is to increase the variety of programs available to each student and to ensure a more intensive education in the program selected.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1963 &#8211; 1964\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><em>The most dramatic innovations in education are occurring in the secondary and post secondary fields\u2026 General and specialized training leading to employment in the fields of business and industry, public services and the performing arts, are recognized now as equally important educational programmes to be provided.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1964 &#8211; 65<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Arrangements were made to establish a city-wide remedial reading program and to extend services for the emotionally disturbed and hard-of-hearing children.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>A continuous progress plan was introduced at one elementary school to provide an opportunity to study at first hand its advantages and problems\u2026 The planning of an experimental open area elementary school was undertaken.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1965 &#8211; 66<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>In the elementary schools, experiments were initiated or continued in the use of the Initial Teaching Alphabet and the continuous progress plan and in the assistance in English for the non-English-speaking primary pupils.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>In the secondary school system, the experiments with team teaching and with computer-produced timetables were extended to a city-wide basis. The Board of School Trustees authorized, on an experimental basis, the employment of nine staff assistants to be assigned in the coming year to three secondary schools.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>The Vancouver City College, an amalgamation of the King Edward Edward Adult\u00a0 Education Centre, the Vancouver Vocational Institute, and the Vancouver School of art, completed its first year of operation with gratifying success.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1966 &#8211; 67<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>The most conspicuous step forward in the field of elementary education was the construction of the city\u2019s first completely open-area school, the Dr. H N. MacCorkindale Elementary School.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Pictures4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7865\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Pictures4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"827\" height=\"661\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Pictures4.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Pictures4-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Pictures4-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Pictures4-1024x819.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0 <strong>Clockwise from top left: Planning session with model of the school, interior shots of the school.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Arrangements have been made for the introduction of teacher aides on a part-time basis for supervision in a number of elementary schools.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>In the secondary schools, the use of team teaching and computer timetabling was expanded and nine staff assistants were employed during the year to assist in the performance of non teaching duties in three schools.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Approval by the Board of preliminary plans for the new Vancouver City College on the Langara Campus was a significant step towards the realization of this project.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>1968 &#8211; 69<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>The success of the $15 million Vancouver school referendum for capital expenditures coupled with the receipt of approval from the provincial Department of Education to proceed with specific school construction projects made it possible for the Board to build and plan for urgently needed additional facilities.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>In the elementary schools, greater use was made of continuous progress, open teaching areas, learning science through self discovery, the Initial Teaching Alphabet, libraries as resource centres, (and) volunteer and supervision aides who assist teachers.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>In the secondary schools, the modernization of libraries was accelerated and greater use was made of social studies resource centres. The program of professional staff development was extended and student representatives were encouraged to increase their leadership role in schools.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><strong>1969 \u2013 70\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>A new approach to bargaining was established and it is hoped that that it will about a more amicable settlement of teachers\u2019 salaries.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>The placing by provincial legislation, of community colleges under college councils, will relieve the School Board of direct responsibility for the operation of the Vancouver City College complex\u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>B. New Technologies<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Classrooms<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7882\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"2402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology-3.jpg 1707w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology-3-100x300.jpg 100w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology-3-768x2304.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology-3-341x1024.jpg 341w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Standard A.V equipment used during the 1960s; free-standing desks arranged for group work.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>2) District and Schools &#8211; Computer supported Data Management<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7884\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-3.jpg 5120w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-3-300x270.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-3-768x691.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/New-Technology1-3-1024x921.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Applications: Schools: time tabling, report cards, general record keeping.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 3) AV Services to Schools: processing orders; delivering resources<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7857\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV-1.jpg 5120w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV-1-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV-1-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV-1-1024x819.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV1-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7858\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV1-1.jpg 5120w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV1-1-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV1-1-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/AV1-1-1024x819.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>4. Eric Hamber Secondary, &#8216;lighthouse school&#8217;, explores new technologies.<strong style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Eric-Hamber-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7859\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Eric-Hamber-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Eric-Hamber-1.jpg 5120w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Eric-Hamber-1-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Eric-Hamber-1-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Eric-Hamber-1-1024x731.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Clockwise from top left: student presents school announcements; ham radio station, editing video tape, computer lab.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0C. <\/strong><strong>Celebrations<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0<strong>Milestones<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Windermere.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7992\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Windermere.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"802\" height=\"1003\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Windermere.jpg 4096w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Windermere-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Windermere-768x960.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Windermere-819x1024.jpg 819w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Windermere Secondary &#8211; Opening Ceremony (1961)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Cultural Heritage<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2215-post-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7885\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2215-post-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2215-post-1.jpg 2784w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2215-post-1-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2215-post-1-768x615.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2215-post-1-1024x819.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>George Clutesi, renouned artist from the Tse-Shaht nation, honours Indigenous culture with two pupils.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Opprnj1069.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7870\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Opprnj1069.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"606\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Opprnj1069.jpg 2968w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Opprnj1069-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Opprnj1069-768x581.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Opprnj1069-1024x775.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Opprnj1069-174x131.jpg 174w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Opprnj1069-70x53.jpg 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Oppenheimer School, 1969<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2591-1953.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7890\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2591-1953.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2591-1953.jpg 1067w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2591-1953-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2591-1953-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2591-1953-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2591-1953-174x131.jpg 174w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Save2591-1953-70x53.jpg 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Model School, 1953<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Geisha-PartySave2540-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7896\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Geisha-PartySave2540-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"1004\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Geisha-PartySave2540-1.jpg 2201w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Geisha-PartySave2540-1-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Geisha-PartySave2540-1-768x963.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/Geisha-PartySave2540-1-817x1024.jpg 817w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>General Wolfe Elementary, 1965<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>Unity and Diversity<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/tecumseh1967.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7871\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/tecumseh1967.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/tecumseh1967.jpg 2912w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/tecumseh1967-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/tecumseh1967-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/tecumseh1967-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/tecumseh1967-174x131.jpg 174w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/tecumseh1967-70x53.jpg 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Tecumseh Elementary, 1967<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0D. <\/strong><strong>NEW SCHOOLS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a012\u00a0 elementary schools, 4 secondary schools, and 10\u00a0 annexes were opened during the 1960s.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01960\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a title=\"Shaughnessy (#2)\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/shaughnessy\/\">Shaughnessy<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/secondary-schools\/prince-of-wales\/\">Prince of Wales Secondary<\/a><\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><strong>1961\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"Dr. Annie B. Jamieson\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/dr-annie-b-jamieson\/\">Dr. Annie B. Jamieson<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong><strong><a title=\"Dr. George M. Weir\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/dr-george-m-weir\/\">Dr. George M. Weir<\/a><\/strong><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a title=\"Emilie Carr\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/emilie-carr\/\">Emily Carr<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Sir Alexander Mackenzie Annex (1961 &#8211; 1971)\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/secondary-schools\/windermere\/\">Windermere Secondary<\/a><\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01962\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a title=\"John Henderson\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/john-henderson\/\">John Henderson<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<strong><a title=\"Eric Hamber\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/secondary-schools\/eric-hamber\/\">Eric Hamber Secondary<\/a><\/strong><\/b><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01963\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong><a title=\"Nootka\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/nootka\/\">Nootka<\/a><\/strong><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0McBride Annex\u00a0 \u00a0Edith Cavell Annex B (1963 &#8211; 1971)\u00a0 \u00a0Grandview Annex (1963 &#8211; 1971)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<a title=\"King George (#3)\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/secondary-schools\/king-george\/\">King George Secondary <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01964\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong><strong><a title=\"Dr. A.R. Lord\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/dr-a-r-lord\/\">Dr. A.R. Lord<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01965\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 <a title=\"Kerrisdale Annex\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/kerrisdale-annex\/\">Kerrisdale Annex<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>Selkirk Annex,\u00a0 \u00a0Captain James Cook Annex (1965 &#8211; 1980)\u00a0 \u00a0Hastings Annex (B)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01966\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><strong><a title=\"Carnarvon\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/carnarvon\/\">Carnarvon<\/a>\u00a0 <a title=\"George T. Cunningham\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/george-t-cunningham\/\">George T. Cunningham<\/a>\u00a0 <a title=\"Waverley\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/waverley\/\">Waverley<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01967\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/strong><strong><a title=\"Dr. H.N. MacCorkindale\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/dr-h-n-maccorkindale\/\">Dr. H.N. MacCorkindale<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0<strong>General Brock Annex (1967 &#8211; 1985)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a01968\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong><a title=\"Graham D. Bruce\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/archives\/elementary-schools\/graham-d-bruce\/\">Graham D. Bruce<\/a><\/strong><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Maquinna Annex<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/keepers9-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7891\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/keepers9-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/keepers9-1.jpg 2100w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/keepers9-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/keepers9-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/keepers9-1-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/keepers9-1-174x131.jpg 174w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/keepers9-1-70x53.jpg 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0Opening ceremonies &#8211; New elementary schools (1960s)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/new-highschools-1960s4post.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7996\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/new-highschools-1960s4post.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/new-highschools-1960s4post.jpg 5120w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/new-highschools-1960s4post-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/new-highschools-1960s4post-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/new-highschools-1960s4post-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/new-highschools-1960s4post-174x131.jpg 174w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/new-highschools-1960s4post-70x53.jpg 70w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>\u00a0Opening ceremonies &#8211; New secondary schools (1960s)<\/strong>: <strong>Windermere, King George, PW, Hamber.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/img747-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7893\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/img747-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/img747-1.jpg 3798w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/img747-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/img747-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/img747-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Despite all efforts to construct new schools to accommodate a growing school population, portable classrooms continued to play an important role during the 1960s.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>E. Facts and Figures on the Vancouver School District (September 30, 1969) <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This report is of particular interest because it shows the moment when student enrolment in the Vancouver School District peaked. Enrolment in high schools continued to rise for the next three years, but enrolment in elementary schools had already begun to decline.\u00a0 Adjusting to this decline, along with responding to the needs of a growing number of students who spoke English as a second language would pose major challenges to the Vancouver School District during the 1970s.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI03242019_0006.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7894\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI03242019_0006.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"801\" height=\"1043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI03242019_0006.jpg 1382w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI03242019_0006-230x300.jpg 230w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI03242019_0006-768x1000.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/files\/2019\/11\/CCI03242019_0006-786x1024.jpg 786w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Expo 67 &#8211; Montreal &nbsp; I.\u00a0 INTRODUCTION In 1967, Canada celebrated its Centennial. \u2013 the uniting of the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and new Brunswick to form the Dominion of Canada. Prime Minister Lester B Pearson spoke for many Canadians in his speech at the official opening of Expo 67, a six-month international fair held in Montreal, Quebec. This is a proud day for Montreal, for Quebec and above all for Canada. Behind this big Canadian birthday &#8220;blast&#8221; are achievements in planning, organisation and construction that are little short of miraculous. The men behind these achievements should be proud and happy. We should be grateful to them, as we recall the sceptics who once said Expo 67 was too big a project for Montreal, Quebec or Canada to accomplish in less than four years. But it was done &#8212; and well done. We are witnesses today to the fulfilment of one of the most daring acts of faith in Canadian enterprise and ability ever undertaken. That faith was not misplaced. But Expo is much more than a great Canadian achievement of design and planning and construction. It is also a monument to Man. It tells the exciting and [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":192,"featured_media":7825,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-vancouver-school-district-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7804","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/192"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7804"}],"version-history":[{"count":167,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7804\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8466,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7804\/revisions\/8466"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7825"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7804"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7804"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/heritage\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7804"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}