{"id":6632,"date":"2013-10-29T17:08:07","date_gmt":"2013-10-29T17:08:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jo-online.vsb.bc.ca\/blogs\/jo\/keller\/?page_id=6632"},"modified":"2016-09-16T03:38:17","modified_gmt":"2016-09-16T03:38:17","slug":"arch-triumphal-exsperience","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blogs.vsb.bc.ca\/dkeller\/dounut-media\/arch-triumphal-exsperience\/","title":{"rendered":"Arch… a triumphal exsperience"},"content":{"rendered":"
Triumphal Arch<\/strong>\u00a0– a monumental archway to commemorate\u00a0Roman<\/a>\u00a0military victories and other significant events.<\/div>\n
\"Arc<\/a><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

The\u00a0triumphal arch<\/a>\u00a0was a type of\u00a0Roman<\/a>\u00a0architectural monument built all over the\u00a0empire<\/a>\u00a0to commemorate military triumphs and other significant events such as the accession of a new emperor. Arches were often erected over major thoroughfares and as the structure had no practical function as a building it was often richly decorated with architectural details, sculpture and commemorative inscriptions (often using\u00a0bronze<\/a>\u00a0letters). Celebrated surviving examples of triumphal arches include the Arch of Constantine and the Arch of\u00a0Septimius Severus<\/a>, both in\u00a0Rome<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Arch<\/a>

Arch of Constantine<\/p><\/div>\n

The earliest\u00a0 known examples of triumphal arches date from the 2nd century BCE and were set up by L.Sertinius in the Forum Boarium and near the\u00a0Circus Maximus<\/a>in Rome in 196 BCE to commemorate his campaigns in Spain. Sometimes arches were used to replace existingcity<\/a>\u00a0gates, for example, at Timgad (modern Algeria) in the 2nd century CE, at Antalya (modern\u00a0Turkey<\/a>) and at Verulamium in\u00a0Britain<\/a>. Arches could also stand across approach roads outside the city proper, for example, at Aosta, Aquino, Canosa and Jerash. At Ancona one triumphal arch even stands in splendid isolation on one of the harbour moles. Many arches were, though, free-standing symbolic monuments protected by steps and so were not accessible to through traffic, for example, the four-way arch of Septimius Severus at\u00a0Lepcis Magna<\/a>\u00a0(c. 200 BCE) and the arches of\u00a0Tiberius<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Titus<\/a>\u00a0in Rome.<\/p>\n

\"Arch<\/a>

Arch of Titus<\/p><\/div>\n

Rome alone had over 50 triumphal arches but, unfortunately, most have not survived. Amongst these was the Arch of\u00a0Augustus<\/a>\u00a0which was built in 19 BCE to honour the emperor\u2019s victory over the Parthians. Nevertheless, we do know that the monument had three arches and statues of defeated soldiers. The Arch of Titus (c. 81 CE) does survive and, displaying Titus riding a bronze four-horse\u00a0chariot<\/a>\u00a0(quadriga<\/em>) and crowned by Victory, it was built to commemorate his victories in Judaea and\u00a0conquest<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Jerusalem<\/a>\u00a0in 70-71 CE. Both of these arches stood in the Forum Romanum (Roman<\/a>\u00a0Forum). Another surviving arch is the Arch of Septimius Severus built in c. 203 CE, which in fact was also dedicated by the Senate and the People of Rome (S.P.Q.R.) to his sonCaracalla<\/a>\u00a0in honour of their victories against the Parthians, relief scenes of which, decorate the arch.<\/p>\n

The largest surviving example of the triumphal arch is the Arch of Constantine, built in Rome in c. 315 CE to commemorate the emperor Constantine\u2019s victory over Maxentius in 312 CE. The arch is typical of the genre and presents a huge 20 metre high rectangular block of masonry consisting of three separate arches: one larger central arch with a shorter and narrower arch on either side. All three arches express the same ratio of height and width. Dividing the arches are four detached\u00a0Corinthian<\/a>\u00a0columns<\/a>, each stood on a pedestal and topped with an entablature. Above the entablature, and as it were extending the columns, stand four pedestals, each carrying a statue. The block or \u2018attic\u2019 storey above the arches also presents sculpted panels and an inscription in Latin, a common feature of triumphal arches. Parts of the sculpture were recycled from earlier monuments, notably the panels of the attic which were taken from the Arch of\u00a0Marcus Aurelius<\/a>\u00a0(c. 174 CE) and the inner central arch reliefs which were removed from the Basilica Ulpia in\u00a0Trajan<\/a>\u2019s Forum. The eight statues areDacian<\/a>\u00a0prisoners and possibly came from the Arch of\u00a0Domitian<\/a>. Other panels depict a lion hunt and sacrifices whilst the main frieze scenes commemorate Constantine\u2019s military victories, including the\u00a0battle<\/a>\u00a0with Maxentius.<\/p>\n

\"A.o.C<\/a>

A.o.C south side<\/p><\/div>\n

Roman triumphal arches would significantly influence architecture from the 15th century CE. In the following centuries, not only was there a revival of the entire form as a commemorative monument (notably Paris\u2019\u00a0Arc de Triomphe<\/em>), but also elements of the triumphal arch were employed in completely different structures such as the facade of Leon Battista Alberti\u2019s Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini and his church of St. Andrea in Mantua whose nave arcades strongly echo ideas taken from the triumphal arch. Perhaps more fundamentally, the narrow-wide-narrow motif of the three arches divided by columns became a widely used form in the revival of classical architecture in the 18th and 19th centuries CE.<\/p>\n

\"A.o.C<\/a>

A.o.C detail 2<\/p><\/div>\n

\"A.o.C<\/a>

A.o.C Detail<\/p><\/div>\n

In terms of\u00a0Architecture:<\/p>\n

The arch may be said to have originated with the idea of placing a considerable number of blocks in a concentric arrangement. The wedge-shaped blocks, called\u00a0voussoirs,<\/b>\u00a0hold each other firmly in place and prevent each other from slipping. The voussoirs at the top, or\u00a0crown<\/b>, of the arch convert the downward pressure into lateral (sideways) pressure, or\u00a0thrust<\/b>, which is transmitted from the upper voussoirs down around the opening and finally into the ground through the wall or\u00a0pier<\/b>\u00a0on which the arch rests. Not only can considerable distances be spanned in this way, but arches can carry a much heavier load than a horizontal lintel.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0[http:\/\/employees.oneonta.edu\/farberas\/arth\/arth109\/arch_vaults.html]<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In this Sculpture project you are asked to create a ‘propre\u00a0ach de triumph’ … an arch of triumph dedicated to some event in your life when you felt victorious.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Attributes:<\/h2>\n